In this article, a coupled line diplexer (operating at 2.4 GHz and 3.5 GHz) which can be used as single-band filter with tunable attenuation characteristics in the pass band has been designed. Multilayer graphene (MLG) pads are used to achieve tunable features in this circuit. The graphene pads are placed at each branch of the diplexer. Single-band tunable attenuation characteristics are achieved by applying bias to graphene pads placed at optimum locations on the filter. The proposed tunable coupled line attenuating diplexer is realized on FR-4 glass epoxy substrate of thickness 1.58 mm with a total size of 45 × 75 mm2. By varying the bias voltage (0 V –6 V) of MLG pads the resistance of graphene pad placed in the circuit gets decreases thereby attenuating/controlling the transmission power to the other port in the required band. In lower pass band (2.28–2.55 GHz) the signal is attenuated from 3 to 10.8 dB and in higher pass band (3.2–3.58 GHz) signal is attenuated from 5 to 13 dB. Simulations of the structure with and without graphene pads have been carried out and are in good agreement with measured results.

It is 100 years since the rights of those in ‘actual occupation’ joined the statute book as interests capable of binding transferees of land despite not appearing on the register. This paper seizes the opportunity to investigate and excavate the overlooked and under-examined historical origins of the actual occupation concept and to revisit the oft-touted rationales for the principle’s recognition. In so doing, the paper rejects the commonly-rehearsed justifications for the concept and makes the radical case for abolition of actual occupation.

How does social science insulate police from social movements’ demand for abolition? We explore this through a content analysis of policing social science research funded by Arnold Ventures, the MacArthur Foundation, and the National Institute of Justice published from 2011 to 2022 (N = 143 studies). Our mixed method content analysis revealed what we call “Academic Copaganda,” or studies contesting social movement claims by authors (1) masking their conflicts of interest, or (2) espousing police epistemology. Although Academic Copaganda comprised 20% of studies in the sample, they received most media mentions after the 2020 police killing of George Floyd. We conclude by discussing our contributions to legal scholarship on police legitimacy and empirical critical race theory.

In a collection of Hatt-ı Hümayuns (Imperial Edicts) at the Ottoman Archives in Istanbul, I located the Ottoman translation of the Greek Declaration of Independence. This article examines the terminology that Ottomans used to interpret the language employed by the revolutionary Greeks. The goal of this study is to examine Ottoman attempts to define the rebels and conceptualize the inner motive behind the revolt of their subjects. This article argues that confiscated documents such as the Greek Declaration of Independence contributed to the familiarization of the imperial authorities with the ideological background to the rebellion and the reasons that triggered it.

Direct democratic institutions are often introduced by popular vote, but there is little research on what motivates voters to support these new instruments. Using a unique dataset on the ideological positions of voters and members of parliament, this article examines support for the introduction of the initiative right in a popular vote. We find that voters support the initiative right when they are inadequately represented in parliament. Moreover, the analysis shows that the voting behavior is consistent with voters understanding the strategic implications of adopting the popular initiative. We demonstrate that voters support its adoption if they are ideologically more proximate to the median voter than they are to the median legislator. Finally, the article shows that ideological distance matters for voters of the ruling party as well, which helps explain why a majority of voters support a political institution that limits the ruling party’s room for maneuver.

Kant’s aim in the Transcendental Deduction is to prove that the a priori categories of the understanding necessarily apply to objects of experience. He claims that he will do this simply by explaining how they could so apply. But the idea that a mere explanation of this possibility should provide a defence of the categories’ actual (let alone necessary) applicability is surprising. We argue that it can be understood by attending to the source of the scepticism that the Critique’s Analytic is supposed to overcome: Hume’s inability to explain causal knowledge in the Enquiry.

This paper revisits the role of skill distribution in shaping regional comparative advantage. Theoretically, we show that it is the relative skill dispersion between exporters and importers, rather than the absolute skill dispersion of exporters, that matters for the pattern of international trade. Using industry-level data on Chinese provincial export flows, we demonstrate that regions with a more dispersed skill distribution relative to their trading partners export more goods produced by sectors with lower skill complementarity. Exploring the potential mechanisms, we further find that the trade-promoting effect from relative skill dispersion probably operates through improving product quality and diversity.

In the last decades, it has been well known that low-grade inflammation plays a potential role in the pathogenesis of different cancers. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies was to evaluate the association between inflammatory potential of diet measured through the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII), Energy-adjusted DII (E-DII), Empirical Dietary Inflammatory Pattern (EDIP), the Inflammatory Score of Diet (ISD), and risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) and site-specific colon cancer. A systematic electronic search of PubMed/Medline, Scopus, the Web of Sciences and reference lists up to 21 November 2023 was performed. Data were pooled by the generic inverse variance method using random effect model. To assess the heterogeneity of included studies, the I2 index was used. A total of twenty-eight original studies, comprising 2 287 836 participants, were selected to include in this meta-analysis. Pooled results showed a significant association between higher adherence to pro-inflammatory diet and increased risk of CRC (effect size (ES): 1·39; 95 % CI 1·29, 1·51; I2 = 82·9 %), colon (ES: 1·40; 95 % CI 1·26, 1·55; I² = 73·3 %, P< 0·01), proximal colon (ES: 1·28; 95 % CI 1·17, 1·40; I² = 29·1 %), distal (ES: 1·50; 95 % CI 1·30, 1·74; I² = 63·5 %) and rectal (ES: 1·46; 95 % CI 1·23, 1·74; I² = 80 %). Stratified analysis by type of dietary indices noted that greater adherence to the DII, E-DII and EDIP were related to significant increase in the risk of overall CRC and site-specific colon cancers. Our results highlighted the proposed role of inflammatory potential of diet as important risk factor for CRC. Adherence to an anti-inflammatory dietary pattern should be recommended to reduce incidence of CRC, globally.

The objectives of the study were to determine somatic cell count (SCC) and evaluate the presence of pathogens (IMI – intramammary infection) in late lactation (LL), followed by the start (colostrum, CL) and approximate peak (established lactation, EL) of the next lactation, as well as to assess the possible transmission of IMI from lactation to lactation. The study was performed on a dairy farm in northern Slovakia. A total of 489 half udder milk samples (242, 80 and 167 in LL, CL and EL, respectively) were collected. Pathogens were identified using MALDI-TOF MS and PathoProof (the latter only in LL). SCC was determined only in LL and EL. Samples were divided according to SCC in four groups from lowest (SCC1 < 500 × 103 cells mL−1) to highest (SCC4 ≥ 2000 × 103 cells mL−1). SCC was higher in LL than in EL. The prevalence of pathogens identified using MALDI-TOF MS was 16.5, 38.8 and 12.6% in LL, CL and EL, respectively. Non-aureus staphylococci and mammaliicocci (NASM) were the most common isolated pathogens in goat milk and colostrum. Staphylococcus (S.) caprae and S. epidermidis species tended to cause persistent IMI in the next lactation. The identification of pathogens using PathoProof was higher than with MALDI-TOF MS. Of all the pathogens (n = 262) identified using PathoProof, the most common were Staphylococcus spp. (86.7%) of which 65.8% exhibited the β-lactamase gene. Additionally, Escherichia coli (4.2%), S. aureus (2.7%), Enterococcus spp. (2.3%), Streptococcus uberis (1.9%), Mycoplasma spp., Protetheca spp. (0.8% each), Arconabacterium pyogenes/Peptoniphilus indolicus and yeast (0.4% each) were also detected using PathoProof. Better identification of pathogen presence in samples with high SCC could contribute to the discussion about SCC as an indicator of subclinical mastitis in goats.

The linear arithmetic fundamental lemma (AFL) is a conjectural identity of intersection numbers on Lubin–Tate deformation spaces and derivatives of orbital integrals. It was introduced for elliptic orbits by Li, and Howard and Li. For elliptic orbits, the relevant intersection problem is formulated for the basic isogeny class. In the present article, we extend the conjecture to all orbits and all isogeny classes. Our main result is a reduction of the non-basic cases of the AFL to the basic ones, which relies on an analysis of the connected-étale sequence. Our results will be relevant in the global setting, where also locally non-elliptic orbits may contribute in a non-trivial way.

The distinction between God's absolute power and ordained power was a hallmark of medieval theology, yet its role within Reformed theology has rarely been considered. Even more importantly, consideration of the distinction in Reformed theology by historians is often restricted to theology proper or the nature and necessity of the atonement with little regard for how the concept can inform the question of the extent of the atonement. This paper seeks to fill this lacuna by considering two influential Reformed theologians of the seventeenth century: John Davenant and John Owen. While considerable attention has been given to the distinctly Thomist influence on these two theologians in particular, this paper seeks to qualify these legitimate assessments with the following conclusion: Davenant and Owen both understand the two-powers distinction in a way that differs from Aquinas and reflects a shift in the concept in late medieval theology.

We conduct the first modern econometric analysis of the historical deaf population in the United States by incorporating deafness into a model of human capital. We find that the deaf population invested less in observable educational and physical human capital. Lower literacy, employment, and occupational scores also suggest that unobserved human capital investments were not substantial enough to improve productivity to the level of the hearing population. States that subsidized schools for the deaf provided deaf people with improved social capital and access to intangible goods that they pursued at the cost of higher economic achievement. Finally, we argue that substantial lifecycle differences between the hearing and deaf populations have implications for unbiased school attendance and employment rate estimation.