This article examines the use of fuck and fucking in Danish, with a focus on their interactional functions for assessing. Data consist of 76 cases found in informal Danish conversations, analyzed within the framework of Interactional Linguistics. Fuck functions as a reactive interjection that prefaces various types of clauses. However, fuck followed by a copula clause develops an assessment out of a telling. Followed by hvor ‘how’ and an adjective, fuck performs agreeing assessment. Hvad fuck ‘what the fuck’ may occur in questions. Fucking is commonly used in copula clause assessments but also within noun phrases when no response is elicited. The study concludes that the use of fuck and fucking in Danish differs from their use in English, but also from the Danish swearword fanden ‘the devil, damn’. The conclusions indicate that interactional functions and constructions are an important factor for understanding the pragmatics of borrowing and swearing.

The two economic superpowers operate increasingly outside WTO norms. China's reliance on non-market practices challenges the competitive equality among WTO members, while the US, under a second Trump administration, has unilaterally raised tariffs in defiance of multilateral rules. This essay examines how the rest of the world is de-risking from the two rogue superpowers while shoring up trade multilateralism. It identifies three interlinked strategies: (1) recalibration – reducing trade dependency through targeted trade remedies against China and narrow bilateral agreements with the US; (2) shielding – collective and unilateral responses to economic coercion of both superpowers; and (3) containment – preventing illegality from spreading to the rest of the world. Together, these modes of governance not only mitigate systemic spillovers from rule-breaking but also help rebalance global trade by addressing structural imbalances in Chinese overproduction and US overconsumption. In doing so, the rest of the world may lay the groundwork for a renewed and more resilient multilateral trading system.

The crystal structure of quizartinib hydrate has been solved and refined using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data and optimized using density functional theory techniques. Quizartinib hydrate crystallizes in space group P-1 (#2) with a = 13.9133(9), b = 17.877(3), c = 19.8459(30) Å, α = 115.080(5), β = 93.768(5), γ = 100.831(5)°, V = 4,332.1(6) Å3, and Z = 6 at 298 K. In the complex crystal structure, the molecules are generally oriented parallel to the (110) plane. Two of the independent molecules are linked into dimers by N–H···O or N–H···N hydrogen bonds. Each molecule exhibits a unique pattern of C–H···O, C–H···N, or C–H···S hydrogen bonds. The powder pattern has been submitted to ICDD for inclusion in the Powder Diffraction File™ (PDF®).

Predictive regressions of market returns on option-implied moments measured before pre-scheduled FOMC meetings show that tail risks play an important role in understanding the market risk premium around FOMC announcement days. Skewness and kurtosis, which capture investors’ expectations of the tails of the return distribution, robustly predict post-FOMC returns both in-sample and out-of-sample. The predictability lasts up to 1 week and is stronger for expansionary monetary policy shocks. The signs of the corresponding risk premiums are consistent with economic intuition, illustrating the role of periods with high risk premiums to confirm theoretical predictions.

This article examines the divergent historical views espoused by Russian and Ukrainian societies and their representatives on topics such as the 1932-1933 famine, Stalinism, and the post-World War II Soviet Union. We draw on an original online survey, conducted simultaneously in January 2021 in Ukraine and Russia, to provide an in-depth analysis of views on history in Ukraine and Russia before the 2022 invasion. In Russia, we illustrate how little contestation there is of official narratives. This may signal the existence of an integrated mnemonic community after a decade of state-curated historical narratives, but it might also imply that Russian society is disengaged from history. In pre-2022 Ukraine, meanwhile, we identify persistent fragmentation in the ways in which society perceives history, largely centered along the country’s linguistic divide. However, a central finding is that Russian-speakers in Ukraine differ in their historical views from Russian citizens on key dimensions such as the memory of Stalin and the Holodomor. These results speak to the evolving and politicized nature of societal memory and provide an important baseline for interpreting potential mnemonic shifts that accompanied the full-scale war launched against Ukraine by Russia in February 2022.

This work presents detailed 3D modelling and simulation of the mechanical effects induced by lightning strikes in protected carbon fibre-reinforced polymer laminates. Firstly, physically based models that represent the mechanical overpressure that results from a lightning strike are revisited. In particular, this paper compares the implementation of an analytical strong shock wave approximation with the solutions obtained from computational fluid dynamics (CFD), considering different equations of state, to represent the supersonic expansion of the hot plasma channel when simulating the mechanical damage induced by lightning strikes. The assessment of the pressure profiles, the numerical predictions of the displacement and velocity fields and the analysis of the predicted damage maps show that, for two lightning protection layers, the effects of the supersonic plasma expansion loads obtained from the strong shock wave approximation compare reasonably well with those obtained from CFD, independently of the equation of state solved numerically. Subsequently, the predictions of the 3D modelling strategy of the mechanical response of composite laminates subjected to lightning strike employing the strong shock wave approximation are compared with mechanical deformation measurements obtained from lab-scale lightning test results. Accurate deflection and out-of-plane velocity fields are predicted, validating the 3D modelling strategy. Moreover, the predicted damage maps correlate well with the (bulk) damage identified by C-scan (considering only the damaged area below the second ply).

Understanding high-variability speech is particularly challenging for second-language (L2) learners due to difficulties with extrinsic normalization, a perceptual strategy utilizing contextual cues to overcome speech variability. This study investigates the neural correlates of these difficulties among Mandarin speakers learning Cantonese, using EEG. Behaviorally, Mandarin learners demonstrated a significant yet considerably reduced ability to normalize Cantonese tone variability with contexts compared to native Cantonese speakers. EEG analysis showed that while native speakers engage multiple neural components (N1, P2, and LPC) for acoustic, phonetic/phonological, and cognitive adjustments in extrinsic normalization, Mandarin learners only activated P2, focusing on phonetic/phonological adjustments. This discrepancy underscores the multi-faceted nature of successful extrinsic normalization, which L2 learners fail to fully engage. L2 immersion significantly improves extrinsic normalization, particularly at the cognitive-adjustment stage. Overall, this study illuminates the intricate nature of poor extrinsic normalization in L2 learners and the importance of L2 immersion for effective L2 speech perception.

The Myoshirt, an active exosuit, provides gravity compensation for the shoulders. This study evaluated the impact of the Myoshirt on range of motion (ROM), endurance, and activities of daily living (ADLs) performance through tests involving nine participants with varying levels of arm impairments and diverse pathologies. Optical motion capture was used to quantify ROM of the shoulder and elbow joints during isolated movements and functional tasks. Endurance was quantified through a timed isometric shoulder flexion task, and a battery of ADL tasks was used to measure the perceived support of the exosuit, along with changes in movement quality. Feedback and usability insights were gathered with surveys. The Myoshirt did not significantly improve ROM during isolated movements (shoulder flexion, shoulder abduction, and elbow flexion/extension), but during the reaching phase of a functional drinking task elbow extension increased significantly by 13.5% (t = 7.52, p = .002). Participants could also keep their arms elevated 78.7% longer (t = 1.942, p = .047). Patients also reported less perceived difficulty with ADLs while using the device, and a therapist reported improved execution quality. Participants who self-reported severe impairment levels tended to derive greater benefits compared to those with milder impairments. These findings highlight the potential of the Myoshirt as an assistive device, particularly for individuals with severe impairments, while emphasizing the need for further refinement.

Virtually all private international law systems now accept the principle of party autonomy, namely the notion that parties to a multistate contract may agree in advance, and within certain parameters and limitations, on which state’s law will govern the contract. The first part of this Article, corresponding to the word “then” in the title, traces the slow evolution of this principle through the centuries: From an isolated example in antiquity, to the academic literature of the Early Modern Era, to its accelerated acceptance and subsequent triumph in the second half of the twentieth century. The second part, corresponding to the word “now” in the title, discusses two important variations among contemporary legal systems regarding the permissible scope and appropriate public policy limitations of this principle. Finally, because this Article was written for a conference held in Bremen, Germany, the third part concludes with a brief discussion of the connection between a ship bearing the city’s name and a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court that extended this principle to exclusive choice-of-court agreements.

This article studies how ESG and conventional mutual funds trade stocks during the COVID-19 crash. Both fund types trade individual stocks similarly: Net purchases of ESG stocks are less sensitive than other stocks to fund flows pre-crash, but sensitivities increase for all stocks during the crash. In contrast, ESG funds’ aggregate net purchases are less sensitive than those of conventional funds during the crash. This difference is due to ESG funds’ portfolio tilt toward the less flow-sensitive ESG stocks. There is no evidence of an ESG clientele effect in trading decisions, as both fund types trade individual stocks similarly.

Scholars often use survey experiments to evaluate political messages’ persuasive effects, but messages developed in the lab do not always persuade in real-world campaigns. In this research note, we report three experiments on one central obstacle in lab-to-field messaging applications: getting people’s attention. We first analyze a large-scale direct mail campaign run by an established non-profit that promotes conservative solutions to climate change. In this experiment, postcards with messages based on extant survey-experimental research did not cause changes in key climate attitudes. In a follow-up survey experiment, identical postcards induced attitude change— Re but only when participants were required to pay attention to them. A final field experiment highlights the difficulty of inducing attention; in another real-world campaign, postcards with eye-catching scratch-off panels performed no better than standard postcards. These findings illustrate the crucial role of attention and the complexity of translating messages developed in survey experiments into effective real-world campaigns.

This article rethinks ‘the global’ by analysing the emergence and growth of the Global Counterterrorism Forum (GCTF), an informal platform of multilateral counterterrorism co-operation which has been instrumental in the making of post-9/11 global security law and governance. It problematises and empirically analyses how global scale is enacted through the socio-material practices of translation and assemblage that have been deployed in the construction, maintenance and extension of the GCTF governance network. Drawing from interviews with policy experts and GCTF members, and from participant-observation in GCTF and UN events, the article contributes to the theme of the Special Issue and wider legal debates about the spatiotemporal dynamics of global law and governance by critically analysing how global scale is fabricated in practice and unpacking the politics of GCTF’s global scale-making processes. Focusing on specific techniques and norm-creation processes of the GCTF, like watch-listing toolkits and ‘good-practice’ documents on foreign terrorist fighters (FTFs) and countering violent extremism (CVE), the article analyses how translation, problematisation and enrolment practices have assembled the GCTF as an ‘apolitical’ global security governance body. Our approach opens novel possibilities for socio-legal research on the politics of scale-making and critiquing global security power in action through empirical attention to its assemblage practices.

We introduce a novel regularization method for detecting differential item functioning (DIF) in two-parameter logistic (2PL) models. Existing regularization methods require choosing a reference group and using an $L_1$ penalty (LP) to shrink the item parameters of focal groups toward those of the reference. This approach has two key limitations: (1) shrinking all focal groups toward a reference is inherently unfair, as results are affected by the choice of reference and direct comparison among focal groups is unavailable and (2) the LP leads to biased estimates because it overly shrinks large nonzero parameters toward zero. These limitations are particularly problematic for intersectional DIF, where various identity aspects intersect to create multiple smaller groups. Our method addresses these issues by penalizing item parameter differences between all pairs of groups using a truncated LP, thereby treating groups equally and avoiding excessive penalization of large differences. Simulations demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms existing approaches by accurately identifying items exhibiting DIF even with multiple small groups. Application to two real-world datasets further illustrates its utility. We recommend this method as a more equitable and precise tool for DIF detection. The proposed method is available as D2PL_pair_em() in the R package VEMIRT (https://map-lab-uw.github.io/VEMIRT).

Recently, the role of abortion access in the workplace and the field of I-O psychology has been highlighted, but little published research explicitly tackles the impacts of abortion care from an organizational psychology perspective. We examine the potential impacts of further restrictions on abortion access within the context of people’s relationships with employment and workplaces. We focus our discussion on three significant mechanisms that may further restrict access to abortion depending on the degree to which they are enforced or enacted: restriction of abortion medication and equipment shipping, limiting federal funding for organizations that facilitate abortion access, and fetal personhood laws. Further restriction of abortion access may create significant challenges for organizational decision makers, employees, and healthcare workers. Together, these changes to the experience of work necessitate shifts in research and practice within the field of I-O psychology. I-O researchers and practitioners must work together to facilitate organizational functioning and employee well-being through these changes by becoming and staying informed about organizational benefit policies and reproductive care-related practices and their impact on employees, employee career trajectories and distress related to unwanted pregnancy, and moral injury and other challenges faced by healthcare workers.

As expectations for research output evolve, tenure portfolios serve as valuable records of how a field gauges impact. We analyze the records of 184 Law and Courts faculty at PhD-granting institutions and find that the median portfolio has grown from seven to ten peer-reviewed articles, that scholars publish in a wider variety of outlets, and that coauthorship rates have doubled over our four-decade time period. We also note patterns of gendered collaboration and private-institution advantages. These trends suggest shifting tenure expectations, complicate traditional metrics of impact, and underscore the need to initiate data-driven conversations about scholarly impact in an increasingly multidisciplinary field.

Interest in objective list theories is driven by the difficulties faced by both hedonism and desire theories: in particular, the scarce plausibility of their attitude-dependence and the poor consistency with our considered moral judgments. Objective List Theories, however, are often charged with not offering any clear explanation of the goodness of objective goods and the related allegation of providing no principled way to decide which elements should feature in the list. It is argued that an explanatory account centered on the notion of ‘desirability’ can overcome these difficulties, as well as weaken another standard objection, that Objective List Theories alienate people from their desires.