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This study analyses the relationship between fear of stigma and bypassing primary ART facilities by ART clients in the Upper East Region of Ghana.
Methodology:
Methodology: The study employed an exploratory case study design, involving 52 participants of: ART clients (n = 37), nurses (n = 7), a counsellor (n = 1), cadres (n = 2), pharmacists (n = 2) and data managers (n = 3) through convenient and purposive sampling techniques. Data was collected using semi-structured interview guides and analysed using a thematic framework.
Results:
The study provides ample evidence of the occurrence of stigma-driven bypassing of primary ART facilities by clients. The analysis shows entrenched cultural norms and values and the population’s low awareness of the efficacy of ART fuel the processes of stigma and discrimination towards ART clients.
Strengths and limitations:
We acknowledge the following limitations and strengths: convenient and purposive sampling procedures may not represent the views of all ART clients on bypassing primary facilities. Sensitive nature of HIV and the location of ART centres, coupled with time constraints in probing into all ART bypassing issues. Yet, given the depth of the issues presented and the scope of participants and ART facilities, we believe relevant data was generated to address the research question.
Conclusion:
An integrated approach could be used to address the drivers of stigma and discrimination focusing on awareness creation to undo the entrenched negative cultural beliefs around HIV transmission, and implement anti-HIV stigma legislation to eliminate prejudice towards PLHIV.
We examine whether different information frames affect how people perceive the domestic costs of sanctions and support sanctions. Using data from an information provision experiment in Germany and Poland, we demonstrate that people overestimate the costs of sanctions (Gross Domestic Product loss due to an energy embargo) in sending countries. Yet, this perception can be corrected through the provision of actual information, which in turn enhances the support for the sanction. Contrasting sanctions’ costs with other costs – Covid-19 costs and costs imposed on target countries – has no additional effect.
Within the recent glut of philosophical work on hope, relatively little attention has been devoted to the circumstantial conditions that frustrate or accommodate hoping. In this article, I show how an individual’s spatial environment can constrain their capacity to sustain determinate hopes for the future via an extended case study: long-term refugee detention. Taking seriously refugees’ claims that a central cause of widespread hopelessness is the feeling of being in limbo, and drawing on recent work on the role of the imagination in hoping, I demonstrate how an individual’s spatial environment can limit imaginative access to the interim steps between their present circumstances and a desired future, making it difficult to see any way their hope could be realized.
This introduction argues that the central role played by the corporation is of crucial importance to the dynamics of the climate crisis and the ecocide that the planet faces. The corporation is a major threat to us, yet it is a threat that we are not taking seriously enough. The evidence set out in this chapter indicates that we have a problem that cannot simplistically be dismissed as the fault of a few "rogue" or "bad apple" corporations. In each of the examples discussed here - fossil fuels, tobacco, asbestos, synthetic chemicals and the car industry - all of the corporate executives who were in charge of making deadly products knew exactly what they were doing. They were fully aware of the consequences, but did it anyway. This introduction therefore poses a key question that sets up the rest of the book: if all of the industrial processes that are threatening the end of the species are financed, manufactured and distributed under the control of profit-making corporations, and they have chosen time and time again to sweep the problem under the carpet, then why are corporations not seen as central to the planet's problems?
The Image of Irelande, with a Discoverie of Woodkarne was published by John Derricke in 1581, following his time in Ireland in the employ of Sir Henry Sidney, the then lord deputy of Ireland. The book defends Sidney’s record and details the military victories he achieved over the native Irish. Included in the publication were twelve double-page woodcuts which Derricke stated were ‘Made and devised by him’. These depict various scenes of life in late Tudor Ireland, some of which Derricke may have witnessed himself. Two of these illustrate Sidney in Dublin, one a scene in which the lord deputy emerges through the main gate of Dublin Castle in a procession of horse-mounted troops. Notwithstanding certain licence on Derricke’s part, this image of Dublin Castle and its environs still provides a valuable commentary on the nature of the built environment in late sixteenth-century Dublin, the nature of which is only partially understood from documentary sources and archaeological remains. This chapter discusses the value of Derricke’s Image for archaeologists and architectural historians in reconstructing certain aspects of architecture in late Tudor Dublin.
This paper surveys the literature on gender differences in religiosity and on how religion shapes gender-related economic and social outcomes. Part I examines why women tend to be more religious than men, reviewing leading explanations from sociology, economics, and psychology. Part II analyzes how religion affects gender norms and attitudes, education, labor market participation, fertility, health, legal institutions, and discrimination. Across domains, we distinguish between effects driven by individual religiosity—such as beliefs and religious practice—and those driven by religious denomination. We emphasize studies that employ credible causal identification strategies, including natural experiments, instrumental variables, and policy reforms, while also reviewing correlational evidence for context. Overall, the literature suggests that religious teachings and participation often reinforce traditional gender roles, influencing women’s education, labor supply, and fertility decisions, though important heterogeneity and exceptions exist. We also highlight instances in which secular reforms or religious movements have altered these outcomes. The survey concludes by identifying gaps in the literature and outlining priorities for future empirical research.
As in the United States, British popular music also developed in collaboration with the broadcasting and film industries. This chapter undertakes an analysis of the British contribution to popular music and moving image culture through an examination of British film musicals from the 1930s to the 1960s. The relationship between British and American popular culture is shown to be both competitive and complex. British rock'n'roll singers initially modelled themselves on the American stars, with Bill Haley and the Comets leading the way. Haley's popularity was greater and longer-lasting in Britain than it was in the United States, and his music was central to the development of a new youth-orientated phase in British popular music. The chapter examines the reasons for serious and unjustified neglect of British musicals within the overall context of British film production and the influence of class-based social attitudes towards popular culture.
While his move into visual media represented a clear change of direction for Kureishi, there are nonetheless many continuities between the first two phases of his career. Perhaps unsurprisingly, My Beautiful Laundrette, his first film script, was initially developed like a play. Kureishi's drama is repeatedly raided for motifs, themes and character types for his films. Most obviously, Kureishi's films attempt to make Asian Britain the subject of representation, redressing an obvious lacuna in post-war British cinema. The first two films, in particular, are remarkable for the restricted number and nature of the roles given to white British characters. In these respects, Kureishi's films look back not just to 'fringe', but to a long TV tradition of imaginative social investigation. The engagement of Kureishi's films with 'Heritage' cinema is even more extensive than is the case with 'Raj Revival' work.
At the launch of Love in a Blue Time in April 1997, Kureishi commented that he had no plans to return to writing drama. The rapid expansion of 'fringe' theatre, which generally favoured limited runs of short new plays, meant unprecedented opportunities for aspiring authors like Kureishi. 'Fringe' also sought to revolutionise theatre as a social and cultural institution at the point of consumption by extending the cultural franchise to constituencies which conventional theatre did not customarily address or appeal to. The time scheme of Outskirts demarcates the temporal boundaries of the plays, extending from 1969 to 1981. This was a time of particular turbulence and difficulty in contemporary British history which, from a Left-liberal perspective at least, began with quasi-revolutionary optimism and ended in deep reaction. Kureishi' s plays testify to an unstable and eclectic range of dramaturgical influences.
In focusing primarily on providing an overview and critical evaluation of Kureishi's treatment of issues of ethnicity and diaspora, national identity and cultural belonging, this concluding chapter can be no more than an interim report on his output to date. Kureishi criticism ranges from fairly traditional kinds of content and formal analysis, through various cultural-historical contextualisations to sometimes highly theorised discussions grounded in the conceptual frameworks of cultural studies, gender studies, film studies, postmodernism and minoritarian/postcolonial theory. As his best critics have recognised, Kureishi's representation and treatment of 'hybridity' is itself hybrid and ambivalent. In large measure, such instability reflects his sometimes unconsolingly honest perception of the uneven, often contradictory and sometimes highly conflictual nature of inter-cultural relations in the contemporary world. Nobody can underestimate the importance of the fact that Kureishi has helped to render Asian Britain visible as a subject of cultural representation.