The recommended intake of iodine during pregnancy is 250 μg/day (1). The shift towards sustainable, plant-based diets (PBDs) is increasing, especially among women of childbearing age (2). PBDs have low iodine content, and some plant sources, such as cruciferous vegetables and soy-based products, contain goitrogens that reduce iodine absorption, potentially increasing the risk of iodine deficiency (ID) (2). We aim to describe the iodine and goitrogen intake in a cohort of pregnant women and explore the contributors and correlations with dietary food sources, urinary iodine-to-creatinine ratio and socioeconomic status.

Using the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), women were selected based on a singleton pregnancy and the availability of iodine-intake data, assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) at 32 weeks gestation (n=11748). Descriptives analyses and non-parametric tests were used to describe iodine and goitrogen-rich food intakes. Spearman correlations were used to explore relationships with the iodine-to-creatinine ratio (n=3971, median 13 weeks gestation, IQR 9-18), food sources, and socioeconomic status in unadjusted models.

Median maternal iodine intake at 145 μg/d (IQR 114-177) was low compared to the WHO intake recommendation for pregnancy (1). Median iodine-to-creatinine ratio was also low at (131 μg/g, IQR 87-213). Iodine intake was positively associated with the iodine-to-creatine ratio (rs=0.122, P <0.001). Median intake of goitrogen-rich foods was 55 g/day (IQR 32-69g). Women with iodine intake below 250 μg/d were more likely to have a lower intake of goitrogen-rich foods (P <0.001). Iodine intake was positively associated with daily intake of milk (rs=0.601, P <0.001), dairy/egg (rs=0.398, P <0.001), seafood (rs 0.636 P <0.001), fruit and vegetables (rs=0.331, P <0.001) and goitrogen intake (rs 0.230, P <0.001), with milk contributing to 38% of iodine intake. Green vegetables and cabbage contributed 43% of goitrogen-rich food intake. Women with a degree had higher intake of iodine (p < 0.001) and goitrogen-rich foods (p < 0.001) compared to those without a degree. There was no association between intake of goitrogen-rich foods and the iodine-to-creatinine ratio (rs = 0.017, P=0.277).

In line with previous research on iodine status in the UK (3), iodine intake was also inadequate in this cohort of UK pregnant women. Iodine intake was positively associated with urinary iodine-to-creatinine ratio, iodine- and goitrogen-rich foods, and socioeconomic status. Further research is required due to the sparsity of data on the goitrogenic potential of PBDs and the influence on child neurodevelopment. This study highlights the need for continued monitoring of iodine intake in pregnant women, especially those adhering to PBDs.

Given that children’s dietary intakes often fail to meet national dietary guidelines, it is particularly relevant to focus on school settings, where children consume approximately 30% of their food/beverage intake (1). However, we do not have current information on what children consume at school - only what they are offered. This study aimed to explore and compare the extent to which lunch served and consumed in primary schools with nurseries fulfils children’s nutritional requirements.

This work is part of the FixOurFood project, a research program in school settings across Yorkshire, and followed the guidelines laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki (ethical approval number: HSRGC/2021/466/D). Using pre- and post-meal plate photographs from 1063 children across eight Yorkshire schools, we conducted an energy and nutrient analysis of food served and consumed during school lunch. Nutritional composition of the meals served and consumed was compared to government dietary recommendations (2) for children aged 4–10 years (averaged when values differed by age or sex) and adjusted to 30% (estimated proportion for lunch)(3). The percentages of lunches served and consumed in schools meeting the energy and nutritional requirements of children were compared using a paired t-test, and the results were summarised as mean ± SEM.

For most nutrients, we found that the proportion of consumed meals that met dietary requirements was significantly lower than the served meal for: energy (67.7±1.2% vs. 86±1.2%), total (73.2±1.6% vs. 90.3±1.7%), saturated (86.4±2.4% vs. 104.8±2.7%), monounsaturated (69.7±1.7% vs. 84.3±1.8%), and polyunsaturated fats (66±1.5% vs. 85.7±1.7%), carbohydrate (61.5±1.2% vs. 80.4±1.2%), total sugars (182.4±4.6% vs. 229.1±5.1%), protein (187.7±3% vs. 235.4±2.8%), fibre (39.3±1.2% vs. 58.5±1.6%), sodium (78.1±1.6% vs. 96.1±1.7%), calcium (92.3±2.5% vs. 112.2±2.8%), iron (63.1±1.3% vs. 79.9±1.4%), and zinc (65.2±1.5% vs. 81.8±1.7%) (p<0.001).

This study provides the first data on children’s actual school food intake in many years. Our findings show that while food that is offered to children provides a greater opportunity to meet dietary recommendations, children’s actual consumption falls short, particularly for essential nutrients. When adjusting lunch to contribute approximately 30% of daily energy and nutrient intake, the consumed meals were insufficient (<66%) in key nutrients such as carbohydrates, fibre, iron, and zinc. Moreover, there was an overconsumption of total sugars and protein, exceeding the recommended levels. These imbalances highlight a significant gap in meeting children’s nutritional needs. Therefore, a more comprehensive approach to school meal programs is needed, focussing not only on the nutritional value of the served food but also on the quantity children consume. Suggestions for future studies may include a closer examination of children’s consumption habits and the development of strategies to increase consumption rates by offering more appealing, nutrient-dense alternatives. We may also recommend policy changes to balance the energy and sugar content of school meals.

Recently, the role of abortion access in the workplace and the field of I-O psychology has been highlighted, but little published research explicitly tackles the impacts of abortion care from an organizational psychology perspective. We examine the potential impacts of further restrictions on abortion access within the context of people’s relationships with employment and workplaces. We focus our discussion on three significant mechanisms that may further restrict access to abortion depending on the degree to which they are enforced or enacted: restriction of abortion medication and equipment shipping, limiting federal funding for organizations that facilitate abortion access, and fetal personhood laws. Further restriction of abortion access may create significant challenges for organizational decision makers, employees, and healthcare workers. Together, these changes to the experience of work necessitate shifts in research and practice within the field of I-O psychology. I-O researchers and practitioners must work together to facilitate organizational functioning and employee well-being through these changes by becoming and staying informed about organizational benefit policies and reproductive care-related practices and their impact on employees, employee career trajectories and distress related to unwanted pregnancy, and moral injury and other challenges faced by healthcare workers.

As expectations for research output evolve, tenure portfolios serve as valuable records of how a field gauges impact. We analyze the records of 184 Law and Courts faculty at PhD-granting institutions and find that the median portfolio has grown from seven to ten peer-reviewed articles, that scholars publish in a wider variety of outlets, and that coauthorship rates have doubled over our four-decade time period. We also note patterns of gendered collaboration and private-institution advantages. These trends suggest shifting tenure expectations, complicate traditional metrics of impact, and underscore the need to initiate data-driven conversations about scholarly impact in an increasingly multidisciplinary field.

The impact of Human Milk (HM) bioactive compounds and microbiota on infant health is crucial yet complex. Current research highlights their role in immune system development and disease prevention (1-6). This review aims to synthesize existing literature on the role of HM’s bioactive compounds in the onset of diagnosed allergies, immunological diseases, and responses to infectious diseases in infants, along with related biomarkers.

The systematic review adhered to Synthesis without Meta-Analysis (SWiM), focusing on clinically defined allergies and immunological conditions, and responses to infectious diseases by infants and children up to 18 years. Studies analyzing HM microbiota and bioactive compounds of mothers in mother-infant pairs have been included. A comprehensive search strategy was employed across PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Cochrane Library, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS), and LIVIVO. Quality assessment utilized Joanna Briggs Institute checklists for various study designs.

The systematic review encompassed 32 studies ranging from 1983 to 2023, representing a total of 7,888 mother-infant dyads focusing on HM bioactive compounds and microbiota’s impact on clinically defined immunological conditions in infants. More than 90% of the literature had been conducted in upper-middle- and high-income countries. In low- and middle-income countries, including Gambia, Bangladesh, and Nicaragua, only 3 studies were conducted. We identified that allergic and autoimmune conditions, investigated in 25 articles, particularly food allergy, sensitization, and atopic dermatitis, were inversely associated with HM linolenic and linoleic acid. Furthermore, infectious and immunological conditions, primarily diarrhea and Group B Streptococcus (GBS) infections, investigated in 7 studies, revealed significant inverse associations with human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) (2'-fucosyllactose (2′-FL), lacto-N-difucohexaose I (LDFH-I)) and immunoglobulins (Anti-GBS secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), Anti-lipopolysaccharide immunoglobulin A (Anti-LPS IgA), Anti-cholera toxin immunoglobulin A (Anti-cholera toxin IgA)), respectively. Upper and lower respiratory tract infections, otitis media, and dental caries were inversely associated with galectins and galectin-3, lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 2′-FL, and Haemophilus influenzae, suggesting potential protective effects of HM bioactive compounds.

Data shows that HM bioactive compounds such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), HMOs, and a number of specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies, might be protective for infants, possibly preventing the onset of symptoms and helping to avoid bacterial and parasitic infections, respectively. In this review, we address the increase in mechanistic knowledge about the protective effects of breastfeeding.

Interest in objective list theories is driven by the difficulties faced by both hedonism and desire theories: in particular, the scarce plausibility of their attitude-dependence and the poor consistency with our considered moral judgments. Objective List Theories, however, are often charged with not offering any clear explanation of the goodness of objective goods and the related allegation of providing no principled way to decide which elements should feature in the list. It is argued that an explanatory account centered on the notion of ‘desirability’ can overcome these difficulties, as well as weaken another standard objection, that Objective List Theories alienate people from their desires.

Understanding how bubbles on a substrate respond to ultrasound is crucial for applications from industrial cleaning to biomedical treatments. Under ultrasonic excitation, bubbles can undergo shape deformations due to Faraday instability, periodically producing high-speed jets that may cause damage. While recent studies have begun to elucidate this behaviour for free bubbles, the dynamics of wall-attached bubbles is still largely unexplored. In particular, the selection and evolution of non-spherical modes in these bounded systems have not previously been resolved in three dimensions, and the resulting jetting dynamics has yet to be compared with that observed in free bubbles. In this study, we investigate individual micrometric air bubbles in contact with a rigid substrate and subjected to ultrasound. We introduce a novel dual-view imaging technique that combines top-view bright-field microscopy with side-view phase-contrast X-ray imaging, enabling visualisation of bubble shape evolution from two orthogonal perspectives. This set-up reveals the progression of bubble shape through four distinct dynamic regimes: purely spherical oscillations, onset of harmonic axisymmetric meniscus waves, emergence of half-harmonic axisymmetric Faraday waves and the superposition of half-harmonic sectoral Faraday waves. This stepwise evolution contrasts with the behaviour of free bubbles, which exhibit their ultimate Faraday wave pattern immediately upon instability onset. For the substrate chosen, the resulting shape-mode spectrum appears to be degenerate and exhibits a continuous range of shape mode degrees, in line with our theoretical predictions derived from kinematic arguments. While free bubbles also display a degenerate spectrum, their shape mode degrees remain discrete, constrained by the bubble spherical periodicity. Experimentally measured ultrasound pressure thresholds for the onset of Faraday instability agree well with classical interface stability theory, modified to incorporate the effects of a rigid boundary. Complementary three-dimensional boundary element simulations of bubble shape evolution align closely with experimental observations, validating this method’s predictive capability. Finally, we determine the acceleration threshold at which shape mode lobes initiate cyclic jetting. Unlike free bubbles, jetting in wall-attached bubbles consistently emerges from the side not restricted by the substrate.

In the early years of decolonization, following North African, Sudanese, and Ghanaian independence, the new African governments seemed to have an encouraging stability and set off on democratic and constitutional paths which gave evidence of promising well for the future. The turmoil which developed in the Congo immediately after independence stood out in contrast to the relative solidity of other states and found its explanation primarily in the shortcomings of the kind of rule which Belgium had imposed. Elsewhere the nationalist leaders who had led the struggle for freedom from alien domination continued in power and enhanced the sense that the new Africa was making headway.

More recently, things fall apart. Mutinies, assassinations, coups and attempted coups, and military takeovers have shaken confidence in Africa's ability to make speedy and consistent progress toward the goal it has set itself. It seemed at first as if the transition from colonialism to independence, from older worlds to modernity, might be an easier process than was feared by the pessimists, among whom, on the whole, I would number myself. Where does one have to look to find the reasons for the interruptions in the advance, or at all events for the change in direction, of so many African states? A fruitful field of inquiry, I am sure, is an examination of some of the problems confronting the new governments which were the successors to the colonial regimes in Africa, and the conditions under which they entered the world and must carry on their business. If I may give away my theme at the start, it would be essentially that governments have in a variety of ways been overloaded and unable to carry the burdens which they have assumed and which they have had thrust upon them.

Este trabajo analiza la gestión de materias primas duras de origen animal por parte de sociedades cazadoras-recolectoras-pescadoras del extremo sur de Sudamérica, mediante el análisis tecno-morfológico y funcional de un conjunto de 29 artefactos del sitio arqueológico Lanashuaia II (Holoceno tardío). El sitio es un conchero de estructura anular ubicado en la costa norte del canal Beagle. Los objetivos son (1) caracterizar la diversidad artefactual, (2) identificar las especies y unidades anatómicas explotadas, (3) evaluar los criterios de selección de las unidades anatómicas empleadas para la confección de artefactos específicos, (4) identificar las técnicas de manufactura, y (5) explicar en qué actividades productivas fueron utilizados estos artefactos óseos. Los resultados alcanzados posibilitan identificar la utilización de huesos de aves, guanacos y mamíferos marinos para la manufactura de artefactos de procesamiento y captura, así como también instrumentos de talla lítica. Por su parte, los huesos largos de aves también se emplearon para la fabricación de objetos de adorno personal.

We consider the hypergraph Turán problem of determining $ex(n, S^d)$, the maximum number of facets in a $d$-dimensional simplicial complex on $n$ vertices that does not contain a simplicial $d$-sphere (a homeomorph of $S^d$) as a subcomplex. We show that if there is an affirmative answer to a question of Gromov about sphere enumeration in high dimensions, then $ex(n, S^d) \geq \Omega (n^{d + 1 - (d + 1)/(2^{d + 1} - 2)})$. Furthermore, this lower bound holds unconditionally for 2-LC (locally constructible) spheres, which includes all shellable spheres and therefore all polytopes. We also prove an upper bound on $ex(n, S^d)$ of $O(n^{d + 1 - 1/2^{d - 1}})$ using a simple induction argument. We conjecture that the upper bound can be improved to match the conditional lower bound.

We investigated the interactive effects of bilingualism and sleep on executive functioning at the behavioral level. We conducted two experiments using two independent samples of bilingual young adults, the Flanker task to assess executive performance, the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index to measure retrospective sleep quality over a one-month period and the Insomnia Severity Index to assess insomnia-related symptoms. In Experiment 1, we registered bilingualism effects on executive performance in poor, but not in good sleepers. In Experiment 2, the magnitude of bilingual effects increased with increasing severity of insomnia symptoms. We conclude that when poor sleep quality and insomnia negatively affect cognitive resources, bilingualism-related cognitive effects emerge more prominently. This suggests higher degrees of bilingualism may compensate detrimental effects of poor sleep quality and insomnia on executive functioning. We suggest that cognitive research in bilingualism and sleep could benefit from controlling for interindividual variability in sleep quality and vice versa.

The African Studies Association was formed in 1958 by thirty-five founding fellows. At that time, African studies in the United States were just beginning to reach hesitantly beyond the half-dozen pioneer university centers in this country. The movement toward African independence was in full swing, but the political future of Africa was still uncertain. A few African universities were already in operation, but the great increase in their numbers was still to come. Even those that did exist were run almost entirely by an expatriate staff and followed European curricula. African participation in African studies was very small indeed. Now, some eight years later, the total membership of the Association is more than 1,200. Universities have sprung up all over Africa, and independence has brought an increasing rate of Africanization both in staff and in curricula. All the older African universities now have some form of African studies center, and the more recent ones were often founded with a built-in emphasis on research and teaching based on their own environment.

These dramatic changes were among those that prompted the President and Board of the Association to seek closer ties with Africanist scholars in Africa. In the summer of 1965, they sent an exploratory mission to Africa to examine possible avenues of cooperation with the Africanists in Africa. The Ford Foundation generously financed the project, and Professor Greenberg appointed two members of the Policies and Plans Committee to undertake it: Professor Hance for Eastern Africa and Professor Curtin for West and West-Central Africa. This report is designed to convey to the membership the findings and recommendations.