Rome’s mid-republican period is back in the centre of attention. Roman money and coinage, however, are largely absent from the debate. As this field has seen important developments in recent years, this paper surveys recent research in order to explore how numismatic sources can contribute to our understanding of this formative period in Roman history. First, we present an overview of these new developments, which we then contextualise in the framework of the Roman economy, Roman state formation and the development of a distinct Roman identity. We argue for a development from coinage irregularly commissioned by individual Roman magistrates to a regular Roman state coinage; from haphazard production often outside Rome to large-scale and more regular coordinated production clearly institutionalised within the Roman state, with a distinct Roman appearance. We propose to recognise two principal moments of acceleration in this process: around 240 and, above all, 210 b.c.e., and show how these insights relate to broader debates on mid-republican Rome.

The University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland has announced the following teaching program available to American college graduates for the course commencing in March 1964.

Bursaries: Graduates selected are offered bursaries of 350 pounds to enable them to take the one-year course leading to the Postgraduate Certificate in Education of London University. Tuition fees (50 pounds) and residence fees (115. 10.0 for the three terms) are payable to the College.

Fares: Sea and rail (or air) fares to Salisbury will be paid, and a reasonable allowance can be claimed for excess baggage.

Agreement: Graduates selected will be required to teach for two years on completion of the P.C.E. course. At the time of application for a bursary, graduates will be asked to indicate whether they wish to join the Northern Rhodesia or the Southern Rhodesia Ministry of African Education.

Salaries: Commencing salaries in Northern Rhodesia are 1, 070 pounds for both men and women. In Southern Rhodesia, the commencing salary of General graduates is 1,100 pounds for men and 915 pounds for women; good Honours graduates receive somewhat more.

The “demographic dividend” refers to the boost to GDP per capita growth countries experience during the part of the demographic transition when age dependency ratios plummet. The size and the source of the dividend are debated in the literature. Using newly constructed age-specific population data by country from the beginning of the demographic transition to the present day, this paper estimates the contribution of changing age structure to GDP per capita growth during the demographic transition. A quantitative overlapping-generations model is used to produce country-specific estimates of the dividend and to disentangle its drivers. Model simulations for 101 countries suggest a global average boost of 0.40 percentage points per annum to GDP per capita growth during the dividend period. Changing age structure explains 9.5% of total growth during the period of the demographic dividend on average. Countries with more rapid and more extreme changes in age structure experience larger dividends.

The three books under review converge around state fragility, security concerns, and governance deficits as their organizing theme. This theme, which can be deployed to describe the current cadence of politics in several sub-Saharan African countries, proceeds from the nature of African states and the dynamics of political power as exemplified in the cases of Ghana and Nigeria in the three books. The first, edited by Usman Tar and Bashir Bala is a twelve-chapter anthology on rural violence in Nigeria. The second, which is edited by David Ehrhardt, David Alao, and Sani Umar, is also composed of twelve chapters and explores traditional authority and security in contemporary Nigeria. The first two works illuminate the dimensions of ecoviolence, including farmer-herder violence, banditry, terror, and other forms of conflicts in Nigeria. The third book by Barry Driscoll is focused on Ghana and concentrates on power relations in the decentralized local state. Ghana is a stable state with a subtle but deep-running powerful clientelist network that weaves its operations around party politics.

The International African Institute is organizing a seminar on the Impact of Christianity in Tropical Africa, to be held from Tuesday, April 6, to Friday, April 16, 1965, at the University of Ghana.

This will be the third in a second series of International African Seminars arranged with the aid of a grant from the Ford Foundation: it follows the completion of the first series of four seminars in the year 1959-61. These seminars are being devoted to research problems of significance for further social, economic and educational development in Africa. An important aim is to provide opportunities for research workers and other scholars holding posts in various parts of Africa to establish closer contact with each other and with their colleagues overseas, and to exchange views on problems and methods of research.

The Accra seminar will be held under the chairmanship of Professor C. G. Baëta, Head of the Department for the Study of Religions at the University of Ghana. Fifteen to twenty specialists from different parts of Africa and from overseas are being invited to participate. They are asked to contribute papers and to assist in preparing a study report on some aspect of the work of the seminar. It is also hoped to be able to admit a small number of observers to the meetings of the seminar. Travel and accommodation expenses cannot be provided for observers, but as far as possible accommodation will be secured for them.

We provide new upper bounds for sums of certain arithmetic functions in many variables at polynomial arguments and, exploiting recent progress on the mean-value of the Erdős—Hooley $\Delta$-function, we derive lower bounds for the cardinality of those integers not exceeding a given limit that are expressible as certain sums of powers.

This article, the first of a series of three, is a checklist of French institutions outside of Paris which undertake research or documentation activities on the African continent. The second article will list institutions in the Paris area; and the third, unaffiliated periodicals.

Although many of the scholars and librarians interviewed expressed a growing interest in other parts of the continent, the major focus of activity remains “Afrique francophone,” i.e., the former French colonies south of the Sahara and Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia. A few centers, following the lead of the Secrétariat d'Etat chargé de la Coopération, are also interested in the former Belgian colonies.

The material is based on a series of field trips to Le Havre, Lyon, Marseille, Aix-en-Provence, and Bordeaux between September 1965 and April 1966, extensive correspondence, and research in relevant reference works when necessary. The centers visited were without exception extremely helpful and were interested to know more about research on Africa in the United States.

The following is a list of all known theses on African subjects accepted by Howard University up to and including June 1968. The earliest is dated 1936. The main sources of information were Howard University Library, whose lists are incomplete, and individual departments, most of which have inadequate records. There may, therefore, be omissions and inaccuracies. The arrangement here follows as closely as possible that in United States and Canadian Publications on Africa in 1965, Hoover Institution, Bibliographical Series, XXXIV, Stanford University, 1967. Theses are listed in alphabetical order by country, and, under each country, in alphabetical order of the writers'names.

It is hoped that other African Studies Centers will follow the lead of this article and make available lists of theses produced by their graduate students.

We study the freeness problem for multiplicative subgroups of $\operatorname{SL}_2(\mathbb{Q})$. For $q = r/p$ in $\mathbb{Q} \cap (0,4)$, where p is prime and $\gcd(r,p)=1$, we initiate the study of the algebraic structure of the group $\Delta_q$ generated by

\[A = \begin{pmatrix}1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1\end{pmatrix} \text{ and } Q_q = \begin{pmatrix}1 & q \\ 0 & 1\end{pmatrix}.\]

$\Delta_{r/p} = \overline{\Gamma}_1^{(p)}(r)$

$\operatorname{SL}_2(\mathbb{Z}[{1}/{p}])$

$r \leq 4$

$r = 5$

$r \in \{ p-1, p+1, (p+1)/2 \}$

$\Delta_{r/p}$

$J_2(r)$

$\operatorname{SL}_2(\mathbb{Z}[{1}/{p}])$

$J_2(r)$

Biformites insolitus Linck, 1949 and very shallow, partially facetted, vertical burrows occur together in calcareous siltstone as convex hypichnia of sandstone on bedding soles within the Lower Devonian Clam Bank Formation, western Newfoundland. The ichnofossils occur within thinly interstratified siltstone and sandstone that accumulated within a physically stressed, euryhaline, peritidal paleoenvironment. B insolitus consists of straight to sinuous, narrow (2–3 mm), strap-like imprints commonly up to 7 cm long that display a medial axial depression and paired (opposite) conical (rounded blunt tipped) to irregular blocky and rectangular-shaped protuberances. These structures are interpreted to represent the impressions of ophiuroid arms, including representations of tube feet and ambulacral skeletal structure. Ornamentation detail appears proportional to the depth of an imprint and is a measure of the amount of downward force of an arm relative to horizontal motion. Apparent branching of imprints represents arm overprints. Incompletely facetted transverse sections of burrows, also filled with sandstone, warrant comparison with the ichnogenus Pentichnus, but incomplete preservation of a possible higher-order symmetry defers ichnotaxonomic designation. The imprints are very shallow (<1 cm) and fit with very near-surface burrowing as observed among some modern ophiuroids. The burrows are either a variant of Pentichnus, thereby expanding its current stratigraphic range, or broaden a unique ichnotaxobase of facetted burrows. A middle Paleozoic record of B. insolitus narrows the current disparity with the post-Cambrian ophiuroid skeletal record. Its spatial association with burrows in a peritidal paleoenvironment reinforces the complex behavior of ophiuroids, their ecological breadth, and opportunistic behavior.

Bibliographical research on Mali must begin with the monumental Bibliographie générale du Mali, prepared by Paule Brasseur (Dakar, IFAN, 1964). The present essay is in no way a substitute for such a basic volume. It is an attempt to introduce the reader to some of the best and most important works concerning Mali, at the same time stressing materials that have appeared in English or since the publication of the Brasseur work.

Neither the Brasseur bibliography nor this essay takes adequate account of the manuscript sources in Peul and Arabic concerning the western Sudan. Still in private hands or in the archives of Paris, Dakar, Zaria, Kano, Ibadan, or Timbuktu, these manuscripts are largely unclassified and unstudied. Once analyzed, they will provide an important source for the study of Malian history. Vincent Monteil, “Les manuscrits historiques arabo-africains,” Bulletin de l'IFAN, série B, XXVII, No. 3-4 (July-October 1965), 531-542, surveys efforts being made to collect and classify such manuscripts in West Africa. H. F. C. Smith, “The Archives of Segu,” Bulletin of News of the Historical Society of Nigeria, Supplement to Vol. IV, No. 2 (September 1959), presents a brief analysis of some of the great collection of manuscripts captured by Archinard in 1890 and now in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. In addition, in “Source Material for the History of the Western Sudan,” Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria, I, No. 3 (December 1958), 238-248, Smith surveys significant materials from the Gironcourt Collection, in the Institut de France, Paris. This is updated by him in “Nineteenth-Century Arabic Archives of West Africa,” Journal of African History, III, No. 2 (1962), 333-336, a brief listing of literary works, diplomatic correspondence between West African emirates, etc.

Informed by an international dialogue on sustainable financing for noncommunicable diseases and mental health in 2024, this Editorial explores some of the key financing issues to be addressed in September 2025 at the United Nations General Assembly high-level meeting on noncommunicable diseases and mental health, including those relating to domestic resource mobilisation, external assistance and health financing reforms.

This bibliography is the first attempt to establish a comprehensive listing of the various types of documents which the Liberian government has published. That it is not complete, goes without saying. Only time and further discoveries will make it so. In addition, certain of the gaps which occur are due to the nature of some of the material. Some parts of the series were never duplicated for mass distribution; rather, they remain in manuscript form in the Liberian government archives.

In this bibliography I have limited listings to printed and duplicated materials. I have attempted to follow the Library of Congress form of cataloging where applicable. Where government agencies, although maintaining the same functions, have changed names, the cross references are given. Finally, a notation is given when a specific document is available at a public library.