We compute the Galois groups of the reductions modulo a prime number p of the generating series of Apéry numbers, Domb numbers and Almkvist–Zudilin numbers. We observe in particular that their behaviour is governed by congruence conditions on p.

We prove two results, generalizing certain theorems by Jin and Moosa (2020, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., 373, 4863–4887), on the internality of the system of differential equations

$$ \begin{align*} \begin{cases} \begin{aligned} x' &= f(x)\\ y' &= g(x)y,\\ \end{aligned} \end{cases} \end{align*} $$

Symmetrically self-similar graphs are an important type of fractal graph. Their Green’s functions satisfy order one iterative functional equations. We show that when the branching number of a generating cell is two, either the graph is a star consisting of finitely many one-sided lines meeting at an origin vertex, in which case the Green’s function is algebraic, or the Green’s function is differentially transcendental over $\mathbb {C}(z)$. The proof strategy relies on a result in a recent preprint of Di Vizio, Fernandes, and Mishna. The result adds evidence to a conjecture of Krön and Teufl about the spectra of the difference Laplacian of this family of graphs.

This paper is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of a family of solutions of the focusing nonlinear Schrödinger equation called general rogue waves of infinite order. These solutions have recently been shown to describe various limit processes involving large-amplitude waves, and they have also appeared in some physical models not directly connected with nonlinear Schrödinger equations. We establish the following key property of these solutions: they are all in $L^2(\mathbb{R})$ with respect to the spatial variable but they exhibit anomalously slow temporal decay. In this paper, we define general rogue waves of infinite order, establish their basic exact and asymptotic properties, and provide computational tools for calculating them accurately.

We address the inverse problem for holomorphic germs of a mapping of the complex line near a fixed point which is tangent to the identity. We provide a preferred parabolic map $\Delta $ realizing a given Birkhoff–Écalle–Voronin modulus $\psi $ and prove its uniqueness in the functional class we introduce. The germ is the time-$1$ map of a Gevrey formal vector field admitting meromorphic sums on a pair of infinite sectors covering the Riemann sphere. For that reason, the analytic continuation of $\Delta $ is a multivalued map admitting finitely many branch points with finite monodromy. In particular, $\Delta $ is holomorphic and injective on an open slit sphere containing $0$ (the initial fixed point) and $\infty $, where the companion parabolic point is situated under the involution ${-1}/{\mathrm {Id}}$. One finds that the Birkhoff–Écalle–Voronin modulus of the parabolic germ at $\infty $ is the inverse $\psi ^{\circ -1}$ of that at $0$.

In this article, by the use of nth derivative characterization, we obtain several some sufficient conditions for all solutions of the complex linear differential equation

$$ \begin{align*}f^{(n)}+A_{n-1}(z)f^{(n-1)}+\ldots+A_1(z)f'+A_0(z)f=A_n(z) \end{align*} $$

$A_i(z) (i=0,1,\ldots ,n)$

Singularly perturbed ordinary differential equations often exhibit Stokes’ phenomenon, which describes the appearance and disappearance of oscillating exponentially small terms across curves in the complex plane known as Stokes lines. These curves originate at singular points in the leading-order solution to the differential equation. In many important problems, it is impossible to obtain a closed-form expression for these leading-order solutions, and it is therefore challenging to locate these singular points. We present evidence that the analytic leading-order solution of a linear differential equation can be replaced with a numerical rational approximation using the adaptive Antoulas–Anderson (AAA) method. Despite such an approximation having completely different singularity types and locations, we show that the subsequent exponential asymptotic analysis accurately predicts the exponentially small behaviour present in the solution. For sufficiently small values of the asymptotic parameter, this approach breaks down; however, the range of validity may be extended by increasing the number of poles in the rational approximation. We present a related nonlinear problem and discuss the challenges that arise due to nonlinear effects. Overall, our approach allows for the study of exponentially small asymptotic effects without requiring an exact analytic form for the leading-order solution; this permits exponential asymptotic methods to be used in a much wider range of applications.

The problem of non-integrability of the circular restricted three-body problem is very classical and important in the theory of dynamical systems. It was partially solved by Poincaré in the nineteenth century: he showed that there exists no real-analytic first integral which depends analytically on the mass ratio of the second body to the total and is functionally independent of the Hamiltonian. When the mass of the second body becomes zero, the restricted three-body problem reduces to the two-body Kepler problem. We prove the non-integrability of the restricted three-body problem both in the planar and spatial cases for any non-zero mass of the second body. Our basic tool of the proofs is a technique developed here for determining whether perturbations of integrable systems which may be non-Hamiltonian are not meromorphically integrable near resonant periodic orbits such that the first integrals and commutative vector fields also depend meromorphically on the perturbation parameter. The technique is based on generalized versions due to Ayoul and Zung of the Morales–Ramis and Morales–Ramis–Simó theories. We emphasize that our results are not just applications of the theories.

Starting from loop equations, we prove that the wave functions constructed from topological recursion on families of degree $2$ spectral curves with a global involution satisfy a system of partial differential equations, whose equations can be seen as quantizations of the original spectral curves. The families of spectral curves can be parametrized with the so-called times, defined as periods on second type cycles, and with the poles. These equations can be used to prove that the WKB solution of many isomonodromic systems coincides with the topological recursion wave function, which proves that the topological recursion wave function is annihilated by a quantum curve. This recovers many known quantum curves for genus zero spectral curves and generalizes this construction to hyperelliptic curves.

We study dynamics of solutions in the initial value space of the sixth Painlevé equation as the independent variable approaches zero. Our main results describe the repeller set, show that the number of poles and zeroes of general solutions is unbounded and that the complex limit set of each solution exists and is compact and connected.

Vertically vibrating a liquid bath may allow a self-propelled wave-particle entity to move on its free surface. The horizontal dynamics of this walking droplet, under the constraint of an external drag force, can be described adequately by an integro-differential trajectory equation. For a sinusoidal wave field, this equation is equivalent to a closed three-dimensional system of nonlinear ODEs. We explicitly define a stability boundary for the system and a quantised criterion for its partial integrability in the meromorphic category.

We study local biholomorphisms with finite orbits in some neighborhood of the origin since they are intimately related to holomorphic foliations with closed leaves. We describe the structure of the set of periodic points in dimension 2. As a consequence we show that given a finite-orbits local biholomorphism F, in dimension 2, there exists an analytic curve passing through the origin and contained in the fixed-point set of some non-trivial iterate of $F.$ As an application we obtain that at least one eigenvalue of the linear part of F at the origin is a root of unity. Moreover, we show that such a result is sharp by exhibiting examples of finite-orbits local biholomorphisms such that exactly one of the eigenvalues is a root of unity. These examples are subtle since we show they cannot be embedded in one-parameter groups.

This paper consists of three parts: First, letting $b_1(z)$, $b_2(z)$, $p_1(z)$ and $p_2(z)$ be nonzero polynomials such that $p_1(z)$ and $p_2(z)$ have the same degree $k\geq 1$ and distinct leading coefficients $1$ and $\alpha$, respectively, we solve entire solutions of the Tumura–Clunie type differential equation $f^{n}+P(z,\,f)=b_1(z)e^{p_1(z)}+b_2(z)e^{p_2(z)}$, where $n\geq 2$ is an integer, $P(z,\,f)$ is a differential polynomial in $f$ of degree $\leq n-1$ with coefficients having polynomial growth. Second, we study the oscillation of the second-order differential equation $f''-[b_1(z)e^{p_1(z)}+b_2(z)e^{p_2(z)}]f=0$ and prove that $\alpha =[2(m+1)-1]/[2(m+1)]$ for some integer $m\geq 0$ if this equation admits a nontrivial solution such that $\lambda (f)<\infty$. This partially answers a question of Ishizaki. Finally, letting $b_2\not =0$ and $b_3$ be constants and $l$ and $s$ be relatively prime integers such that $l> s\geq 1$, we prove that $l=2$ if the equation $f''-(e^{lz}+b_2e^{sz}+b_3)f=0$ admits two linearly independent solutions $f_1$ and $f_2$ such that $\max \{\lambda (f_1),\,\lambda (f_2)\}<\infty$. In particular, we precisely characterize all solutions such that $\lambda (f)<\infty$ when $l=2$ and $l=4$.

The singularly perturbed Riccati equation is the first-order nonlinear ordinary differential equation $\hbar \partial _x f = af^2 + bf + c$ in the complex domain where $\hbar $ is a small complex parameter. We prove an existence and uniqueness theorem for exact solutions with prescribed asymptotics as $\hbar \to 0$ in a half-plane. These exact solutions are constructed using the Borel–Laplace method; that is, they are Borel summations of the formal divergent $\hbar $-power series solutions. As an application, we prove existence and uniqueness of exact WKB solutions for the complex one-dimensional Schrödinger equation with a rational potential.

It is known that, in the unit disc as well as in the whole complex plane, the growth of the analytic coefficients $A_0,\dotsc ,A_{k-2}$ of

$$ \begin{align*} f^{(k)} + A_{k-2} f^{(k-2)} + \dotsb + A_1 f'+ A_0 f = 0, \quad k\geqslant 2, \end{align*} $$

$D(0,R)$

$0<R\leqslant \infty $

We answer some questions in a paper by Kaneko and Koike [‘On modular forms arising from a differential equation of hypergeometric type’, Ramanujan J. 7(1–3) (2003), 145–164] about the modularity of the solutions of a certain differential equation. In particular, we provide a number-theoretic explanation of why the modularity of the solutions occurs in some cases and does not occur in others. This also proves their conjecture on the completeness of the list of modular solutions after adding some missing cases.

Vanishing cycles, introduced over half a century ago, are a fundamental tool for studying the topology of complex hypersurface singularity germs, as well as the change in topology of a degenerating family of projective manifolds. More recently, vanishing cycles have found deep applications in enumerative geometry, representation theory, applied algebraic geometry, birational geometry, etc. In this survey, we introduce vanishing cycles from a topological perspective and discuss some of their applications.

A classical theorem of Frei states that if $A_p$ is the last transcendental function in the sequence$A_0,\ldots ,A_{n-1}$ of entire functions, then each solution base of the differential equation $f^{(n)}+A_{n-1}f^{(n-1)}+\cdots +A_{1}f'+A_{0}f=0$ contains at least $n-p$ entire functions of infinite order. Here, the transcendental coefficient $A_p$ dominates the growth of the polynomial coefficients $A_{p+1},\ldots ,A_{n-1}$. By expressing the dominance of $A_p$ in different ways and allowing the coefficients $A_{p+1},\ldots ,A_{n-1}$ to be transcendental, we show that the conclusion of Frei’s theorem still holds along with an additional estimation on the asymptotic lower bound for the growth of solutions. At times, these new refined results give a larger number of linearly independent solutions of infinite order than the original theorem of Frei. For such solutions, we show that $0$ is the only possible finite deficient value. Previously, this property has been known to hold for so-called admissible solutions and is commonly cited as Wittich’s theorem. Analogous results are discussed for linear differential equations in the unit disc, as well as for complex difference and complex q-difference equations.

We prove that algebraic solutions of Garnier systems in the irregular case are of two types. The classical ones come from isomonodromic deformations of linear equations with diagonal or dihedral differential Galois group; we give a complete list in the rank-2 case (two indeterminates). The pull-back ones come from deformations of coverings over a fixed degenerate hypergeometric equation; we provide a complete list when the differential Galois group is $\text{SL}_{2}(\mathbb{C})$. As a byproduct, we obtain a complete list of algebraic solutions for the rank-2 irregular Garnier systems.