Childhood adversities have been linked to psychosocial outcomes, but it remains uncertain whether subtypes of adversity exert different effects on outcomes. Research is also needed to explore the dynamic interplay between adversity and psychosocial outcomes from childhood to mid-adolescence. This study aimed to investigate these relationships and their role in shaping adolescent wellbeing. Data were extracted from three timepoints of the UK Household Longitudinal Survey when participants (n = 646) were aged 10–15. Cross-lagged panel models were used to explore the relationship between cumulative adversities, and separately non-household (i.e., bullying victimization and adverse neighborhood) and household (i.e., sibling victimization, quarrelsome relationship with parents, financial struggles, and maternal psychological distress) adversities, and psychosocial outcomes (i.e., internalizing and externalizing problems, delinquency, and life satisfaction). Our results revealed that heightened cumulative adversity predicted psychosocial outcomes from childhood to mid-adolescence. Increased levels of household adversity predicted psychosocial outcomes throughout early to mid-adolescence, while non-household adversity only predicted psychosocial outcomes in early adolescence. Furthermore, worse psychosocial outcomes predicted higher levels of adversities during adolescence, highlighting bidirectionality between adversity and psychosocial outcomes. These findings underscore the varying impacts of adversity subtypes and the mutually reinforcing effects of adversities and psychosocial functioning from childhood to mid-adolescence.

Why is parenting in adolescence predictive of maladaptive personality in adulthood? This study sets out to investigate environmental and genetic factors underlying the association between parenting and maladaptive personality longitudinally in a large sample of twins. The present study addressed this question via a longitudinal study focused on two cohorts of twins assessed on aspects of perceived parenting (parent- and adolescent-reported) at age 14 years (n =1,094 pairs). Participants were followed to adulthood, and maladaptive personality traits were self-reported using the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) at age 24 or 34 years. We then modeled these data using a bivariate biometric model, decomposing parenting-maladaptive personality associations into additive genetic, shared environmental, and nonshared environmental factors. Numerous domains of adolescent-reported parenting predicted adult maladaptive personality. Further, we found evidence for substantial additive genetic (ra ranging from 0.22 to 0.55) and (to a lesser extent) nonshared environmental factors (re ranging from 0.10 to 0.15) that accounted for the association between perceived parenting reported in adolescence and adult personality. Perceived parenting in adolescence and maladaptive personality in adulthood may be related due to some of the same genetic factors contributing to both phenotypes at different developmental periods.

We review and elaborate an account of consonantal strength that is founded on the model of speech as a modulated carrier signal. The stronger the consonant, the greater the modulation. Unlike approaches based on sonority or articulatory aperture, the account offers a uniform definition of the phonetic effect lenition has on consonants: All types of lenition (such as debuccalisation, spirantisation and vocalisation) reduce the extent to which a consonant modulates the carrier. To demonstrate the quantifiability of this account, we present an analysis of Ibibio, in which we investigate the effects of lenition on the amplitude, periodicity and temporal properties of consonants. We propose a method for integrating these different acoustic dimensions within an overall measure of modulation size. Not only does the modulated-carrier account cover all the classically recognised lenition types, but it also encompasses loss of plosive release in final stops – which, although not traditionally classed as lenition, is clearly related to processes that are.

In 1912, the Italian parliament approved the extension of male suffrage, making it ‘almost’ universal. This process of revising representation transformed the very idea of the relationship between citizens and the state and shaped a profoundly different Italy. The aim of this article is to trace both the process leading to the approval of universal suffrage and its impact on the party system. With a compilation and analysis of data developed from scratch for the elections of 1909 and 1913, it was possible to analyse the main dimensions of the two rounds in a disaggregated manner. Three aspects make 1913 a year of transition. First, the degree of competition in the electoral process, especially in the South, increased considerably. Second, the decline of liberal formations was not transformed into defeat, thanks only to the Catholic vote. Third, the birth of the Popular Party and the failure to create a mass party of conservatives were causes of the imbalance in the party structure.

Declining labor force participation of older men throughout the 20th century and recent increases in participation have generated substantial interest in understanding the effect of public pensions on retirement. The National Bureau of Economic Research's International Social Security (ISS) Project, a long-term collaboration among researchers in a dozen developed countries, has explored this and related questions. The project employs a harmonized approach to conduct within-country analyses that are combined for meaningful cross-country comparisons. The key lesson is that the choices of policy makers affect the incentive to work at older ages and these incentives have important effects on retirement behavior.

Plant–soil interactions have bottom–up and top–down effects within a plant community. Heavy metal pollution can change plant–soil interactions, directly influence bottom–up effects and indirectly affect herbivores within the community. In turn, herbivores can affect plant–soil interactions through top–down effects. However, the combined effects of heavy metals and herbivores on soil enzymes, plants and herbivores have rarely been reported. Therefore, the effects of lead (Pb), Spodoptera litura and their combined effects on soil enzyme activities, pakchoi nutrition, defence compounds and S. litura fitness were examined here. Results showed that Pb, S. litura and their combined effects significantly affected soil enzymes, pakchoi and S. litura. Specifically, exposure to double stress (Pb and S. litura) decreased soil urease, phosphatase and sucrase activities compared with controls. Furthermore, the soluble protein and sugar contents of pakchoi decreased, and the trypsin inhibitor content and antioxidant enzyme activity increased. Finally, the S. litura development period was extended, and survival, emergence rates and body weight decreased after exposure to double stress. The combined stress of Pb and S. litura significantly decreased soil enzyme activities. Heavy metal accumulation in plants may create a superposition or synergistic effect with heavy metal-mediated plant chemical defence, further suppressing herbivore development. Pb, S. litura and their combined effects inhibited soil enzyme activities, improved pakchoi resistance and reduced S. litura development. The results reveal details of soil–plant–herbivore interactions and provide a reference for crop pest control management in the presence of heavy metal pollution.

Studies have found that women’s representation is more likely to spike after corruption scandals. However, the mechanism underlying this increase remains unclear: are parties more likely to nominate women after corruption scandals, are voters more likely to support women candidates, or is it a combination of both? Using an original dataset of audit results and the gender of 47,000 candidates running in over 10,000 mayoral elections in Mexico (2000–2019), we find that voters drive the effect. While political parties are not more likely to nominate women as candidates in municipalities with recent revelations of spending irregularities, women candidates are more likely to win elections after corruption is uncovered. In contrast to previous studies, which expect strategic parties to be behind the increases in women’s representation following corruption scandals, our findings underscore that increases in women’s representation can happen despite parties and not because of parties.

Social cognition is commonly altered in people with psychosis. Two main brain networks have been implicated: the default-mode network (DMN), which is associated with socio-cognitive processing, and the salience network (SN) associated with socio-affective processing. Disturbances to the resting-state functional connectivity of these networks have been identified in schizophrenia and high-risk individuals, but there have been no studies in adolescents displaying distinct trajectories of subclinical psychotic-like experiences (PLEs). To address this, the present study measured SN and DMN resting-state connectivity in a unique longitudinally followed sample of youth (n = 92) presenting with typical and atypical 4-year PLE trajectories. Compared to the typically developing low PLE control group, the atypical increasing PLE trajectory displayed reduced connectivity between the SN and DMN, increased connectivity between left and right insula, and widespread dysconnectivity from the insula and amygdala. These alterations are similar to those reported in schizophrenia and clinical high-risk samples, suggesting that early detection may be useful for mapping the developmental trajectories of psychotic disorders.

The authors’ primary goal in this paper is to enhance the study of $T_0$ topological spaces by using the order of specialization of a $T_0$-space to introduce the lower topology (with a subbasis of closed sets $\mathord{\uparrow } x$) and studying the interaction of the original topology and the lower topology. Using the lower topology, one can define and study new properties of the original space that provide deeper insight into its structure. One focus of study is the property R, which asserts that if the intersection of a family of finitely generated sets $\mathord{\uparrow } F$, $F$ finite, is contained in an open set $U$, then the same is true for finitely many of the family. We first show that property R is equivalent to several other interesting properties, for example, the property that all closed subsets of the original space are compact in the lower topology. We then find conditions under which these spaces are compact, well-filtered, and coherent, a weaker variant of stably compact spaces. We also investigate what have been called strong $d$-spaces, develop some of their basic properties, and make connections with the earlier considerations involving spaces satisfying property R. Two key results we obtain are that if a dcpo $P$ with the Scott topology is a strong $d$-space, then it is well-filtered, and if additionally the Scott topology of the product $P\times P$ is the product of the Scott topologies of the factors, then the Scott space of $P$ is sober. We also exhibit connections of this work with de Groot duality.

The concept of heightened human rights due diligence (hHRDD) is often used to address corporate responsibilities in situations of armed conflict. For companies in these contexts, the first step is to assess whether their activities impact the conflict and its dynamics, and, as a result, whether they are involved in conflict-related human rights abuses. However, companies often find that they have no impact on the conflict. Should companies in these scenarios just focus on regular human rights due diligence (HRDD)? This piece aims to illustrate, based on the example of Ukraine, the human rights challenges that emerge during a war which companies with no influence on the conflict still face and to respond to the question of whether in such situations companies should still engage in hHRDD or continue to conduct HRDD as usual.

We construct a new stochastic interest rate model with two stochastic factors, by introducing a stochastic long-run equilibrium level into the Vasicek interest rate model which follows another Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process. With the interest rate under the Black–Scholes model being assumed to follow the newly proposed model, a closed-form representation of European option prices is successfully presented, when the analytical characteristic function of the underlying log-price under a forward measure is derived. To assess the model performance, a preliminary empirical study is conducted using S&P 500 index and its options, with the Vasicek model and an alternative two-factor Vasicek model taken as benchmarks.