The pebble crab, Leucisca levigena, was recorded for the first time from the intertidal regions of South Andaman in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. This comes after its holotype was described in 1976 from Western Australia. The species was found on the thallus of the green seaweed, Halimeda opuntia. Notably, the study included the first record of a male specimen, previously absent in its first description. L. levigena is characterized by its slightly concave dorsal carapace with a beaded margin, a raised gastric region extending to the front, and a smooth pterygostomial region. A brief description and illustrations of both the male and female species and a map showing the distribution of Leucisca species around the world are provided. L. levigena confirms its distribution from Western Australia to the Andaman Islands.

This article argues that a pervasive but confused theory of free will is driving unwarranted resistance to behavioral genetic research and undermining the concept of personal responsibility enshrined in our moral and legal conventions. We call this the theory of ‘free-will-by-subtraction’. A particularly explicit version of this theory has been propounded by the psychologist Eric Turkheimer, who has proposed that human agency can be scientifically quantified as the behavioral variation that remains unexplained after known genetic and environmental causes have been accounted for. This theory motivates resistance to research that suggests genetic differences substantially account for differences in human behavior because that is seen to reduce the scope of human freedom. In academic philosophy, free-will-by-subtraction theory corresponds to a position called ‘libertarian incompatibilism’, which holds that human beings are not responsible for behavior that has extrinsic causes yet maintains that free will nonetheless exists because some fraction of human behavior is self-caused. However, this position is rejected by most professional philosophers. We argue that libertarian incompatibilism is inconsistent with a secular materialist outlook in which all human behavior is understood to have extrinsic causes whether those causes are known to science or not — an outlook Turkheimer shares. We show that Turkheimer sustains this contradiction by adopting an untenable position we call ‘epistemic libertarianism’, which holds that extrinsic causes of our behavior only infringe on our freedom if we know about them. By contrast, the overwhelming majority of secular materialist philosophers support a position called ‘compatibilism’, which maintains that free will is compatible with the comprehensive extrinsic causation of human behavior. We show that compatibilism neutralizes the threat that genetic explanation poses to human agency and rescues a generous conception of personal responsibility that aligns with our moral intuitions.

This paper seeks to mediate two current interpretations of Hegel: a recent, resurgent, ‘re-theologizing’ reading and a more established ‘de-theologized’ reading. In doing so, I aim to substantiate a metaphysical reading of Hegel from a different angle. My mediation does not amount to arguing for a theological Hegel, but attempts to reinforce certain metaphysical elements by pointing out the implication the representation of God has in Hegel’s system, which is that God is taken to be the truth and essence of things on the level of representations. This implication aligns with metaphysical readings according to which the absolute is the truth and the essence of things on the conceptual level, and that it is this truth that philosophy recognizes. I pursue my mediation in three steps. Firstly, I defend the re-theologizing interpretation by focusing on a recent paper by Clinton Tolley. Secondly, I address tensions in Tolley’s re-theologizing account that concern the deflationary role of finite subjectivity. I argue, along the lines of a de-theologized, non-metaphysical reading, that it is the dialectical reasoning of finite subjectivity that enables and pursues the task of speculative philosophy. However, leaning again towards a re-theologizing reading, this speculative reasoning aims at the philosophical knowledge of the absolute which in the realm of representation corresponds to God. Thirdly, I argue that this recognition of the absolute or God through the method of dialectical-speculative philosophy represents a third interpretative option, namely a speculative re-theologizing reading, which holds that Hegel does not proceed theologically, yet recognizes an absolute that corresponds to the theological representation of God.

The recovery of nearly 250 burials at the El Olivar site provided the opportunity to address questions regarding the groups inhabited coastal settings of the semiarid north of Chile between the 800 and 1540 AD. Stable isotopes of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen were analyzed from 60 human samples. Radiocarbon (14C) analyses were conducted in 20 samples from camelids and 42 human samples. Subsequently, a sample of 25 individuals exhibiting diagnostic cultural features of the Las Ánimas Cultural Complex (LACC) and the Chilean Diaguita Culture (CDC) was selected for the purpose of assessing differences in their diet and mobility and clarifying their chronology. The δ13C and δ15N values obtained revealed the existence of a small group of individuals (n=6) with a diet based on C3 plants and terrestrial protein, and another major group (n=33) with values compatible with the consumption of C4 plants and marine resources. Four of the six individuals of the small group presented Ánimas diagnostic features, and in the major group were identified both Ánimas and Diaguita individuals. The δ18O values exhibited a similarity between the Ánimas and Diaguita individuals, suggesting coastal-to-inland mobility in both groups. Calibrated 14C dates indicate that El Olivar was occupied for a period of nearly 380 years, spanning between 1150 and 1536 AD, and that between the 1300 and 1400 AD, Ánimas and Diaguita individuals coexisted at El Olivar. These findings call into question the current thought that the CDC emerged from the LACC around 1000 AD, and that both represent different archaeological entities.

A traditional view holds that ignorance is simply the absence of knowledge. This view has recently been challenged by the Normative Account, which sees ignorance as involving a normative failure. In this paper, we argue that both perspectives capture important insights. Drawing on three empirical studies, we propose a two-senses account of ignorance, according to which there exist two notions of ignorance: one normative, the other non-normative. We also offer a new explanation of the normative aspect. Our findings suggest that what is negative in being ignorant lies in the expectation that one ought to know the relevant fact.

Protein fermentation in the human gut is often associated with adverse health effects. Hence, understanding the fermentation characteristics of dietary undigested proteins is important for a comprehensive nutritional value of foods. This study investigated the protein fermentation kinetics of diet-derived proteins from thirty-one different foods using an in vitro model and human faecal inoculum. The undigested diet-derived protein substrate originated from porcine ileal digesta obtained from assessment of the digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS) of the foods. Significant variations in fermentation kinetic parameters, particularly in maximum gas production rate (Rmax) and time to reach cumulative gas production (GP) from the substrate (TGPs), were observed. The Rmax ranged from 15·5 (se 0·7) ml/h for wheat bran-derived to 24·5 (se 0·9) ml/h for oatmeal-derived proteins. Egg-derived proteins had the shortest TGPs (14·7 (se 0·7) h), while mushroom-derived proteins had the longest (27·6 (se 7·1) h). When foods were categorised into five groups (‘animal protein’, ‘grains’, ‘legumes’, ‘fungi, algae and microorganisms’ and ‘others’), no significant differences were found in fermentation kinetics parameters. Samples were additionally incubated with porcine inoculum to assess potential donor-species effects. Human inoculum showed significantly lower Rmax, cumulative GP and microbiota turnover than porcine inoculum, indicating reduced fermentative activity. Linear regression analysis revealed correlations between human and porcine-derived inoculum only for Rmax (R2 = 0·78, P < 0·01) and TGPs (R² = 0·17, P < 0·05). These findings underscore the importance of using human inoculum in in vitro studies to better predict health implications of foods with DIAAS values.

Several dietary strategies are designed to achieve optimal glycaemic control in managing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), considering factors such as energy needs, the glycaemic index, high fibre content and the reduction or exclusion of sugary foods and drinks. However, in achieving therapeutic goals, there is a lack of consensus in the formulation of uniform recommendations. This article reviews the literature to assess the impact of dietary interventions on GDM risk – measured by the percentage of at-risk women who develop GDM – and on the progression of GDM pregnancies, including weight gain, hyperglycaemia severity, insulin requirements and perinatal outcomes such as macrosomia, hypertensive disorders, caesarean delivery and neonatal size. We conducted a thorough search of PubMed and the Cochrane Library, focusing on randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, systematic reviews and meta-analyses involving women either at risk of or diagnosed with GDM. These search criteria yielded 2800 articles, whose titles and abstracts were reviewed to determine their relevance to the research objective. In the initial search, 192 relevant articles met the inclusion criteria. The comprehensive analysis of these studies highlights the current uncertainty regarding the long-term consequences of recommended diets during pregnancy, especially among women with GDM. While the available literature is substantial, conclusions drawn from various methodologies and study populations have not yielded a consensus on the most effective diet for reducing perinatal complications. Nonetheless, it is reasonable to advocate for the early initiation of dietary interventions, particularly during pregnancy planning, especially among women exhibiting risk factors for GDM.

Pediatric healthcare-associated respiratory viral infections (HA-RVI) were evaluated during four intervention periods using different visitation models. Allowing two visitors and requiring universal masking significantly decreased HA-RVI rates (P < .001). There was no significant difference in HA-RVI rates between periods restricting younger siblings versus periods allowing all siblings without seasonal/age restriction.

We define a random graph obtained by connecting each point of $\mathbb{Z}^d$ independently and uniformly to a fixed number $1 \leq k \leq 2d$ of its nearest neighbors via a directed edge. We call this graph the directed k-neighbor graph. Two natural associated undirected graphs are the undirected and the bidirectional k-neighbor graph, where we connect two vertices by an undirected edge whenever there is a directed edge in the directed k-neighbor graph between the vertices in at least one, respectively precisely two, directions. For these graphs we study the question of percolation, i.e. the existence of an infinite self-avoiding path. Using different kinds of proof techniques for different classes of cases, we show that for $k=1$ even the undirected k-neighbor graph never percolates, while the directed k-neighbor graph percolates whenever $k \geq d+1$, $k \geq 3$, and $d \geq 5$, or $k \geq 4$ and $d=4$. We also show that the undirected 2-neighbor graph percolates for $d=2$, the undirected 3-neighbor graph percolates for $d=3$, and we provide some positive and negative percolation results regarding the bidirectional graph as well. A heuristic argument for high dimensions indicates that this class of models is a natural discrete analogue of the k-nearest-neighbor graphs studied in continuum percolation, and our results support this interpretation.

Despite nearly two centuries of actively stylizing itself as above the partisan fray of banal politics, the US Supreme Court faces increasing scrutiny over its ideological nature, ethical lapses, and perceived disconnection from democratic accountability. This article explores potential reforms including ethics guidelines, public affairs offices, and term limits to enhance the Court’s legitimacy. It also examines trends in judicial decision making, the Court’s relationship with public opinion, and the influence of identity politics on judicial perceptions through an examination of the scholarship on the Court. The article concludes by emphasizing the need for ongoing research and methodological innovation to address these challenges and ensure the Court’s role in American democracy.

Eating disorders (EDs) are particularly prevalent among young adult females. Previous research has shown that childhood trauma and reduced mentalizing abilities are involved in ED symptoms. The current study was aimed at testing the mediating effects of failures in mentalizing on the relationship between childhood trauma and ED risk among young adult females. The sample consisted of 409 Caucasian young adult females, aged between 18 and 30 years old (M = 23.45, SD = 2.76). The reported mean body mass index was within the normal range (M = 22.62; SD = 4.35). Self-report instruments were administered to assess the variables of interest. Structural equation modeling revealed that childhood trauma predicted increased failures in mentalizing (β = .36) and ED risk (β = .30), that failures in mentalizing predicted an increased ED risk (β = .35), and that the positive association between childhood trauma and ED risk was partially mediated by failures in mentalizing (indirect effect: β = .13). These findings suggest that ED symptoms might result from unprocessed and painful feelings embedded in child abuse and neglect. Clinical interventions focused at improving mentalizing abilities might reduce the ED risk among young adult females who have been exposed to childhood trauma.

Waterlogging (WL) stress drastically impacts sesame crops, making them highly susceptible by hindering growth and development. Hence, identifying and characterizing the promising trait is necessary to conserve germplasm exploitation during WL stress conditions. The current study emphasized comprehensively screening 148 accessions by treating 48 hours of WL stress in sesame crops. In addition, the trait association and morphological characteristics were attributed to identify tolerant and susceptible germplasm, which can be further utilized in crop improvement and breeding programmes. Therefore, the present study screened the genotypes by assessing morphological traits, including shoot height (SH), root length (RL), SPAD measurements and branches per plant. The observation reveals that RL, SH and SPAD significantly varied in sesame accessions. Hence, accession EC377024 and IC129289 showed highly tolerant and susceptible behaviour. The statistical analysis, including G × E interactions, Pearson’s correlation, and principal component analysis (PCA), supports the selected trait that can be used to screen the WL susceptible crops. The genotypes identified in this study have the potential to aid in sesame crop improvement.