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Forced labour in the Middle Congo was characterized in the interwar period by, on the one hand, a declining role of the notorious French concession companies, and, on the other hand, the growing importance of forced recruitment and forced labour orchestrated by the colonial state. The article attempts to analyse and understand the overall setup of overburdening created by these conditions. Based on new French and Congolese archival resources, it discusses the effects of this overburdening, linking it to the responses shown by local populations, notably through flight and evasion. In a last step, the discussion focuses on the role of intermediaries and their impact on the violence that was locally experienced. The analysis includes a wider perspective into the changes and continuities during the years of World War II, and on the challenges for the forced labour system due to its official abolition in 1946 and the decline of clandestine practices of continuity until 1948.
Hot tap water is the most common source of scald injuries, representing a quarter of all scald injuries requiring hospitalization in the United States. Children and older adults are at increased risk of scald burns. Evidence suggests that poor knowledge of burn risks and treatment among parents and the public may contribute to the burden of scald injuries in children. Medical and injury surveillance categorizes most scald burns as unintentional injuries. However, scald burns can also lead to investigation by the justice system if the injury is suspected to result from abuse or neglect. The Department of Justice recommends assessing criminal intent in childhood scald burns based on traditional indicators derived from medical research: burn uniformity, areas of sparing, burn locations, family history, and speed of medical care. In this study, we present an overview of the existing literature on intentional scald burns in children caused by hot tap water in order to improve their identification and prevention. This systematic review aims to answer two questions: (1) What are the indicators of intentional scald burns in children according to the literature and (2) Is the body of evidence for common indicators of intentional scald burns subject to bias?
In this article, we show that the Russian invasion of Ukraine triggered a pro-democratic reaction from citizens in liberal democracies, which we term the “rally for democracy.” Unlike the conventional “rally ‘round the flag” effect that boosts government popularity, this involves citizens rallying behind democracy as an international ideal. It includes expressing stronger proximity to democratic powers, stronger approval for democratic leaders abroad, and greater aversion to authoritarian regimes. Through a survey quasi-experiment conducted in six countries between February and May of 2022, we provide evidence that the “rally for democracy” emerged immediately following Russia’s invasion. Exploring this observation further via analysis of data from 55 countries between 2014 and 2023, we find this to be the intensification of a longer-term trend in response to the rise of authoritarian great powers. A new cleavage exists in geopolitical loyalties, based on the degree to which citizens feel attachment to democracy, and this divide runs both between and within countries.
In this paper, we first prove that the totally real discs lying in certain Levi-flat hypersurfaces are polynomially convex. We also studied the polynomial convexity of totally real discs lying in the regular part of certain singular Levi-flat hypersurfaces. In particular, a necessary and sufficient condition for polynomial convexity of totally real discs lying in the non-singular part of the boundary of the Hartogs triangle is achieved. Sufficient conditions on general compact subsets lying on those hypersurfaces for polynomial convexity are also reported here.
Public health emergencies make an impact on policing in many ways, create unique challenges for police departments and affect the quality of life of police officers. These impacts include response, enforcement, preparedness, and inter- and intra-organizational dynamics. While there is much research on policing the pandemic in the Global North, similar scholarship emanating from the Caribbean is limited. With this lacuna in mind, the views of 32 members of the Trinidad and Tobago Police Service were collected via semi-structured interviews at the back end of the COVID-19 pandemic and used to answer four research questions. The results indicate a host of impacts on policing, police leadership and police officer quality of life as a result of the COVID-19-facilitated pandemic. The current study adds to the limited scholarship on policing during the pandemic and offers guidance on policing practice to ensure police officer safety and preparation for future health pandemics.
This article sheds light on a series of Xinjiang maps created by order of imperial Japan’s General Staff Headquarters in 1943. These maps, seventeen in all, offered panoramic views on Xinjiang’s topography, geological and meteorological conditions, ethnic composition, major cities, riverine systems, aviation ports, roads for motorized vehicles, wireless and postal systems, and various resources. Those maps invite the heretofore little-studied question of how Xinjiang figured in imperial Japan’s geostrategy. This article contextualizes imperial Japan’s heightened strategic interest in Xinjiang during World War II, particularly after the closure of the Burma Road, which paradoxically revitalized Chongqing’s Republican regime. These sources inform the argument that the place of Xinjiang in imperial Japan’s geostrategic thinking must be understood beyond the narrow lens of Sino-Japanese enmity. It warrants a world historical perspective. The article examines said maps and uncovers the multiplicity of Xinjiang’s toponyms and ethnonyms that encapsulated parallel and oftentimes contested temporalities. Tokyo’s attentiveness to ethnological understandings of the region’s indigenous populations reflects an aspiration to construct a political demography that tethered indigenous sovereignty to the authority of the colonial state, bypassing the domination of the Chinese Republic in Chongqing.
Ce texte explore le rôle du sujet dans la théorie des savoirs situés de Donna J.Haraway et de Lorraine Code. Il examine la tension entre l’approche individualiste et l’approche collective dans les épistémologies féministes. Nous y soutenons que les savoirs situés permettent de concilier la dimension individuelle du sujet avec une perspective politique et collective, tout en évitant une critique anti-individualiste qui nierait l’agentivité personnelle. Cette approche offre des critères de responsabilité épistémique individuelle et s’intéresse plus aux actions du sujet qu’à son essence.
We present a new Eulerian framework for the computation of turbulent compressible multiphase channel flows, specifically to assess turbulence modulation by dispersed particulate matter in dilute concentrations but with significant mass loadings. By combining a modified low-dissipation numerical scheme for the carrier gas phase and a quadrature-based moment method for the solid particle phase, turbulent statistics of the fluid phase and fluctuations of the particle phase may be obtained as both are resolved as coupled fields. Using direct numerical simulations, we demonstrate how this method effectively resolves the turbulent statistics, kinetic energy, skin friction drag, particle mass flow rate and interphase drag for moderate-Reynolds-number channel flows for the first time. Validation of our approach to the turbulent particle-free flow and the turbulent particle-laden flow proves the applicability of the carrier flow low-dissipation scheme to simulate relatively low-Mach-number compressible flows and of the quadrature-based moment method to simulate the particle phase as an Eulerian field. This study also rationalises the computed interphase drag modulation and total Reynolds shear stress results using a simplified analytical approach, revealing how the particle migration towards the wall can affect the drag between the two phases at different Stokes numbers and particle loadings. Furthermore, we show the effect of near-wall particle accumulation on the particle mass flow rate. Using our Eulerian approach, we also explore the complex interplay between the particles and turbulent fluctuations by capturing the preferential clustering of particles in turbulence streaks. This interplay leads to turbulence modulations similar to recent observations reported in prior computational works using Lagrangian simulations. Our study extends the applicability of the Eulerian approach to accurately study particle–fluid interactions in compressible turbulent flows by explicitly calculating the energy equations for both the particle phase and the carrier fluid motion. Since the formulation is compressible and includes energy equations for both the particle and carrier flow fields, future studies for compressible flows involving heat and mass transfer may be simulated using this methodology.
On February 6, 2023, 7.7 and 7.6 magnitude earthquakes struck southeastern Türkiye, affecting 11 provinces and causing significant losses. This study aims to assess the mental health status of survivors in the twelfth month after the earthquake.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted using an online survey with the virtual snowball sampling method. The survey included sociodemographic data, previous traumas, earthquake-related experiences, and the Post-Earthquake Trauma Level Determining Scale (PETLDS) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.
Results
The study included 2544 participants. The mean PETLDS score was 58.14±18.18, indicating that the participants were highly traumatized. Among them, 59.5% had high levels of post-traumatic symptoms, 44.2% had high anxiety, and 61% had high depression symptoms. 35.77% of participants displayed a co-occurrence of post-traumatic stress along with anxiety and depression. Female gender was the strongest predictor of high-level trauma and anxiety, while a history of psychiatric disorder was the strongest predictor of depression. Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that symptoms were predicted by low income, low education level, smoking, comorbid chronic diseases, past traumatic experiences, the loss or injury of a loved one due to the earthquake, personal injury, temporary displacement, and damage to homes and workplaces.
Conclusions
The findings suggest that one year after the earthquake, mental health problems are prevalent among survivors, highlighting the need for urgent psychiatric interventions.
Workplace exclusion – often subtle and difficult to detect – significantly contributes to employee disengagement and turnover, costing US organizations over $1 trillion annually. This study examines how exclusionary behaviors (EBs) influence turnover intentions (TOIs) through disruption of psychological needs, using Rock’s SCARF model (Status, Certainty, Autonomy, Relatedness, Fairness) and self-determination theory. A two-wave survey of full-time US employees (N = 277) assessed EB, SCARF-based need satisfaction, and TOI. Partial least squares structural equation modeling revealed that EB significantly undermines all five SCARF domains, but only fairness and status mediated the EB–TOI link. Certainty, autonomy, and relatedness did not have significant effects. These findings suggest turnover risk intensifies when employees feel unfairly treated or socially devalued, rather than merely disempowered or disconnected. The study advances theoretical integration between SCARF and SDT and offers practical guidance for managers seeking to reduce attrition by fostering inclusive, respectful, and psychologically safe workplace environments.
Everyday understanding takes empathy to be not just emotional mirroring with a specific etiology, but also a form of feeling for, or on behalf of, another. This article proposes an analysis of that for-relation. The analysis begins with the phenomenon of acting on behalf, which is then used as a template for an analysis of generic on behalfness, applicable to both action and emotion. The key to the relation turns out to be an agent’s espousal of a target’s goal, in light of which the agent acquires reasons for acting or feeling.
We present a method for reconstructing evolutionary trees from high-dimensional data, with a specific application to bird song spectrograms. We address the challenge of inferring phylogenetic relationships from phenotypic traits, like vocalizations, without predefined acoustic properties. Our approach combines two main components: Poincaré embeddings for dimensionality reduction and distance computation, and the neighbour-joining algorithm for tree reconstruction. Unlike previous work, we employ Siamese networks to learn embeddings from only leaf node samples of the latent tree. We demonstrate our method’s effectiveness on both synthetic data and spectrograms from six species of finches.
We explore the drawing of an axisymmetric viscoelastic tube subject to inertial and surface tension effects. We adopt the Giesekus constitutive model and derive asymptotic long-wave equations for weakly viscoelastic effects. Intuitively, one might imagine that the elastic stresses should act to prevent hole closure during the drawing process. Surprisingly, our results show that the hole closure at the take-up point is enhanced by elastic effects for most parameter values. However, the opposite is true if the tube has a sufficiently large hole size at the inlet nozzle of the device or if the axial stretching is sufficiently weak. We explain the physical mechanism underlying this phenomenon by examining how the second normal stress difference induced by elastic effects modifies the hole evolution process. We also determine how viscoelasticity affects the stability of the drawing process and show that elastic effects are always destabilising for negligible inertia. On the other hand, our results show that if the inertia is non-zero, elastic effects can be either stabilising or destabilising depending on the parameters.
Accurate absorption analysis of metasurface absorbers, considering all reflected modes, is critical. This corrigendum addresses a significant error in recent papers [19 and 20] as two selected samples, which misinterpret absorption mechanisms by neglecting the main contribution of cross-polarized reflections. According to the review of highly authoritative and highly referenced research, metasurface absorbers with losses can achieve wideband absorption, while low-loss structures typically exhibit resonant narrowband absorption or convert incident power to cross-polarized reflections – an aspect overlooked in [19 and 20]. We present key principles for accurate simulation in HFSS software, emphasizing correct handling of symmetrical and asymmetrical meta-cells and determining all reflected components. Re-analysis of the designs in [19 and 20] using these simulation principles reveals a significant overestimation of reported absorption; they are, in fact, polarization converters rather than perfect absorbers. Finally, we propose potential recommendations for these designs without using a loss mechanism.
If G is a graph, then $X\subseteq V(G)$ is a general position set if for every two vertices $v,u\in X$ and every shortest $(u,v)$-path P, no inner vertex of P lies in X. We propose three algorithms to compute a largest general position set in G: an integer linear programming algorithm, a genetic algorithm and a simulated annealing algorithm. These approaches are supported by examples from different areas of graph theory.