We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.
To save content items to your account,
please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies.
If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account.
Find out more about saving content to .
To save content items to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org
is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings
on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part
of your Kindle email address below.
Find out more about saving to your Kindle.
Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations.
‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi.
‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.
The analyzed data provide evidence for sound changes that involve cumulative effects in the phonologization of phonetic duration. The data come from Kashubian, an understudied, endangered language spoken in northwestern Poland, and illustrate two historical processes: preservation and loss of ultra-short vowels (jers) and compensatory lengthening. The unified analysis of the two processes hinges on a reinterpretation of phonetic vowel duration as phonological length. Phonetic duration is contextual: Vowels in head syllables, in open syllables, and before voiced consonants tend to be longer than vowels in non-head syllables, in closed syllables, and before voiceless consonants. The effects are cumulative in the sense that all three conditions must co-occur on a single vowel. The discussed changes provide support for phonological models that (i) allow phonological constraints to access fine-grained phonetic information and (ii) are capable of deriving cumulative effects. The data contribute to the typology of cumulative processes by providing novel evidence of alternations that are simultaneously conditioned by the prosodic and segmental context.
Epidemiologic evidence on the association between dietary choline and betaine and mortality risk remains limited, particularly among non-Western populations. We examined the association of dietary choline and betaine with all-cause mortality in Chinese adults using data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) 1991-2015. We included 9,027 men and 8,828 women without cardiovascular disease and cancer at baseline. Dietary intake was assessed using 3-day 24-hour dietary recalls in combination with a household food inventories. Death was ascertained through household surveys in each wave. We used time-dependent Cox proportional hazards regression models to estimate multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). During a median follow-up of 9.1 years, 891 men and 687 women were deceased. Higher total choline intake was associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality in both men [HRQ5 vs. Q1 = 0.58 (95% CI: 0.45, 0.74)] and women [HRQ5 vs. Q1 = 0.59 (95% CI: 0.44, 0.78)]. The dose-response curve followed a reverse J-shape in men and an L-shape in women (both P-nonlinear ≤ 0.005). Similarly, fat-soluble choline intake was inversely associated with the risk of all-cause mortality in both men [HRQ5 vs. Q1 = 0.59 (95% CI: 0.46, 0.75)] and women [HRQ5 vs. Q1 = 0.53 (95% CI: 0.40, 0.70)], showing reverse J-shaped patterns (both P-nonlinear < 0.001). A J-shaped association between dietary water-soluble choline and all-cause mortality was observed in women (P-nonlinear < 0.001), but a null association was found in men. Betaine intake was not associated with all-cause mortality in either sex. Our findings suggest that adequate choline intake, but not betaine, is linked to reduced all-cause mortality in Chinese adults with predominantly plant-based diets, with both insufficient and excessive choline intake potentially increasing mortality risk.
The COVID-19 pandemic, which has killed millions of people worldwide, continues to be marked by waves of reinfections. We aimed to assess the incidence and clinical characteristics of reinfection in COVID- 19 cohort.
Material and Methods
A single-center descriptive study was conducted. Data were collected from all patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 via PCR from March 18, 2020, the onset of the first major COVID-19 wave, until the end of 2020. All PCR-positive patients were followed-up, and those who had SARS-CoV-2 PCR positivity again at least 90 days after the initial onset were contacted via telemedicine.
Results
5814 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 with PCR positive in the first wave were included. The incidence of reinfection among the cohort of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 during the initial wave of COVID-19 was 0.73%. Among healthcare workers, the 1-year reinfection rate was 2.14%, 3.9 times higher than non-healthcare workers. We observed that the clinical course was milder and less complicated in patients who had reinfection. In cases of reinfection among fully vaccinated individuals, statistically significantly fewer symptoms were observed.
Conclusions
We observed that healthcare workers are at approximately four times greater risk of reinfection. Reinfections generally presented with a milder clinical course.
In this study, the objective examined the contribution of pecha kucha technique instead of standard training in providing crisis management skills to nurse managers.
Methods
102 nurse managers participated in the study conducted with a quasi-experimental structure. Nurse managers participating in the study were divided into 3 groups as experimental, standard, and control, and each group included 34 nurse managers. Crisis management training was given to the experimental group with the pecha kucha technique, and to the standard group with the classical presentation technique. A crisis management scale was applied to measure crisis management skills before and after the trainings.
Results
It was observed that crisis management scores increased in both groups after the trainings compared to the control group. When the scores of the experimental and control groups were compared, a significant difference was found (P < 0.05). The crisis management total and sub-dimension mean scores were higher in the experimental group than in the standard education group.
Conclusions
In line with these findings, it can be said that using innovative training techniques such as pecha kucha instead of standard training for managers or other nurses can increase their professional development and the quality of health care services.
Ce numéro spécial est le résultat de la collaboration entre les membres du Groupe de recherche interuniversitaire sur la normativité (GRIN) durant l’année 2023-2024. Principalement situé dans les universités de l’île de Montréal, ce groupe a pour objectif d’explorer le thème de la normativité en philosophie selon trois axes principaux : normativité et société, normativité et affectivité, normativité et connaissance. Une visée commune s’est progressivement révélée au fil de nos rencontres : dévoiler de manière critique les différentes sortes de normativité qui ont été soit oubliées, soit ignorées. Cela nous a donc laissé croire que certaines normes pourraient avoir été perdues de vue, et c’est de là que nous sont venus le titre et le thème de ce numéro spécial : « À la recherche des normes perdues ». La présente introduction donne un aperçu des huit articles qui forment le numéro.
Special Ricci–Hessian equations on Kähler manifolds $(M,g)$, as defined by Maschler [‘Special Kähler–Ricci potentials and Ricci solitons’, Ann. Global Anal. Geom.34 (2008), 367–380], involve functions $\tau $ on M and state that, for some function $\alpha $ of the real variable $\tau\kern-0.8pt $, the sum of $\alpha \nabla d\tau\kern-0.8pt $ and the Ricci tensor equals a functional multiple of the metric g, while $\alpha \nabla d\tau\kern-0.8pt $ itself is assumed to be nonzero almost everywhere. Three well-known obvious ‘standard’ cases are provided by (non-Einstein) gradient Kähler–Ricci solitons, conformally-Einstein Kähler metrics, and special Kähler–Ricci potentials. We show that, outside of these three cases, such an equation can only occur in complex dimension two and, at generic points, it must then represent one of three types, for which, up to normalizations, $\alpha =2\cot \tau\kern-0.8pt $, $\alpha =2\coth \tau\kern-0.8pt $, or $\alpha =2\tanh \tau\kern-0.8pt $. We also use the Cartan–Kähler theorem to prove that these three types are actually realized in a ‘nonstandard’ way.
This article describes how Egyptian state documents are scattered between governmental institutions, private collections, and the second-hand book and paper market. This scattering raises a practical question about the conditions under which official documents become discardable and commodifiable by bureaucrats, their families, and second-hand dealers. This scattering also raises a theoretical question about the nature of a state which takes uneven care in keeping a record of its own institutional past. After outlining the difficulties of access one faces in official archives in Egypt, the article fleshes out the sociological profile of different custodians of state paperwork—including families of bureaucrats, peddlers, and dealers—and the conditions under which state documents become commodified to this day. The overarching objective is not just to show the well-known limitations of national archives as a source of historical material, but also to show how actually existing “state archives” go well beyond the remit of official institutions, with notable consequences over our conception of the state.
This work explores the use of a shallow surface hump for passive control and stabilisation of stationary crossflow (CF) instabilities. Wind tunnel experiments are conducted on a spanwise-invariant swept-wing model. The influence of the hump on the boundary layer stability and laminar–turbulent transition is assessed through infrared thermography and particle image velocimetry measurements. The results reveal a strong dependence of the stabilisation effect on the amplitude of the incoming CF disturbances, which is conditioned via discrete roughness elements at the wing leading edge. At a high forcing amplitude, weakly nonlinear stationary CF vortices interact with the hump and result in an abrupt anticipation of transition, essentially tripping the flow. In contrast, at a lower forcing amplitude, CF vortices interact with the hump during linear growth. Notable stabilisation of the primary CF disturbance and considerable transition delay with respect to the reference case (i.e. without hump) is then observed. The spatial region just downstream of the hump apex is shown to be key to the stabilisation mechanism. In this region, the primary CF disturbances rapidly change spanwise orientation and shape, possibly driven by the pressure gradient change-over caused by the hump and the development of CF reversal. The amplitude and shape deformation of the primary CF instabilities are found to contribute to a long-lasting suboptimal growth downstream of the hump, eventually leading to transition delay.
Researchers have long debated which spatial arrangements and swimming synchronisations are beneficial for the hydrodynamic performance of fish in schools. In our previous work (Seo and Mittal, Bioinsp. Biomim., Vol. 17, 066020, 2022), we demonstrated using direct numerical simulations that hydrodynamic interactions with the wake of a leading body -caudal fin carangiform swimmer could significantly enhance the swimming performance of a trailing swimmer by augmenting the leading-edge vortex (LEV) on its caudal fin. In this study, we develop a model based on the phenomenology of LEV enhancement, which utilises wake velocity data from direct numerical simulations of a leading fish to predict the trailing swimmer’s hydrodynamic performance without additional simulations. For instance, the model predicts locations where direct simulations confirm up to 20 % enhancement of thrust. This approach enables a comprehensive analysis of the effects of relative positioning, phase difference, flapping amplitude, Reynolds number and the number of swimmers in the school on thrust enhancement. The results offer several insights regarding the effect of these parameters that have implications for fish schools as well as for bio-inspired underwater vehicle applications.
We aimed to explore concerns and feeling of safety among quarantined and non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients.
Methods
We conducted a qualitative study of free text answers from participants of an online survey. The survey was conducted between March 2020 and June 2021. COVID-19 positive adults in home isolation and adults in quarantine were eligible for participation. 698 participants answered one or more of three open-ended questions about concerns and safety. We analyzed free-text answers using thematic analysis according to Braun and Clarke with an inductive approach.
Results
Analysis of the free-text answers from all participants identified three main themes: (1) Fear of the unknown, (2) Views on personal care and public health measures, and (3) Concern for the future of a country in crisis. Participants’ feelings revolved around health-related concerns and societal related concerns. They were concerned about their own and other’s health, and possible long-term consequences of COVID-19 infection. Some participants were satisfied with the health care system, others thought follow-ups, testing, vaccination, and information would increase their feeling of safety.
Conclusions
People quarantined and isolated due to the COVID-19 pandemic had concerns regarding personal health and societal consequences of infection control measures. Health care follow-ups and individualized information would increase participants’ feeling of safety.
Despite the affinity of monism and monotheism—and despite monism’s recent philosophical renaissance—few have defended the conjunction of the two claims, of what we might call ‘theistic monism’. I argue, first, that monism and monotheism are consistent, and second, that each one provides good reasons to accept the other one. Monotheists, qua monotheists, have good reason to be monists; and monists, qua monists, have good reason to be monotheists. There should be much greater overlap between the monist camp and the monotheist camp than there is at present.
Fostering diversity in political science careers is important. Undergraduate research experiences, coupled with an emphasis on career diversity, have the potential to increase relevant knowledge about and buoy tendencies toward pursuing a PhD among students from diverse backgrounds. This article describes components of a US National Science Foundation–funded Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) program that highlighted career diversity. We find evidence of positive shifts in awareness of career opportunities for those with doctoral degrees alongside sustained interest in pursuing a PhD. We conclude that an emphasis on career diversity can be a useful component of efforts to shape students’ attitudes and inclinations toward a PhD.
Exposure to childhood trauma or adverse adulthood experiences (AAEs) may increase depression risk. However, the relationships between these factors and age of depression onset remain unclear.
Aims
We aimed to investigate the associations of childhood trauma and AAEs with depression risk across life stages, and their joint effects on lifetime depression risk.
Method
A total of 118 164 participants without prior depression from UK Biobank (UKB) were included. Adverse experiences during childhood and adulthood were assessed through the online mental health questionnaire in 2016, primarily including physical neglect, physical abuse, emotional neglect, emotional abuse and sexual abuse. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to explore the independent and joint effects of childhood trauma and AAEs on the age of depression onset.
Results
In the multivariable-adjusted models, compared with low childhood trauma, high childhood trauma was associated with higher risk of depression occurring in early adulthood [hazard ratio 2.35, 95% CIs: 2.12–2.59] and middle adulthood (hazard ratio 1.86, 95% CIs: 1.67–2.07). Likewise, in comparison with lower levels of AAEs, higher levels were significantly associated with an elevated risk of depression during middle adulthood (hazard ratio 2.71, 95% CIs: 2.26–3.25). In joint analyses we found that, compared with individuals with low AAEs and low childhood trauma, those with low AAEs and high childhood trauma (hazard ratio 1.80, 95% CIs: 1.41–2.30) and those with high AAEs and low childhood trauma (hazard ratio 1.74, 95% CIs: 1.35–2.26) exhibited similarly significant effects on the risk of depression, suggesting that childhood trauma and AAEs had contributed equally to lifetime depression (P > 0.05).
Conclusions
Exposure to childhood trauma or AAEs presented a more detrimental effect on the early onset of depression compared with later stages throughout the lifespan. Our findings advise paying attention to traumatic events at any life stage, and the instigation of prompt intervention strategies following traumatic events, to minimise the risk of lifetime depression.
Counting independent sets in graphs and hypergraphs under a variety of restrictions is a classical question with a long history. It is the subject of the celebrated container method which found numerous spectacular applications over the years. We consider the question of how many independent sets we can have in a graph under structural restrictions. We show that any $n$-vertex graph with independence number $\alpha$ without $bK_a$ as an induced subgraph has at most $n^{O(1)} \cdot \alpha ^{O(\alpha )}$ independent sets. This substantially improves the trivial upper bound of $n^{\alpha },$ whenever $\alpha \le n^{o(1)}$ and gives a characterisation of graphs forbidding which allows for such an improvement. It is also in general tight up to a constant in the exponent since there exist triangle-free graphs with $\alpha ^{\Omega (\alpha )}$ independent sets. We also prove that if one in addition assumes the ground graph is chi-bounded one can improve the bound to $n^{O(1)} \cdot 2^{O(\alpha )}$ which is tight up to a constant factor in the exponent.