We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.
To save content items to your account,
please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies.
If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account.
Find out more about saving content to .
To save content items to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org
is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings
on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part
of your Kindle email address below.
Find out more about saving to your Kindle.
Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations.
‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi.
‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.
Fostering diversity in political science careers is important. Undergraduate research experiences, coupled with an emphasis on career diversity, have the potential to increase relevant knowledge about and buoy tendencies toward pursuing a PhD among students from diverse backgrounds. This article describes components of a US National Science Foundation–funded Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) program that highlighted career diversity. We find evidence of positive shifts in awareness of career opportunities for those with doctoral degrees alongside sustained interest in pursuing a PhD. We conclude that an emphasis on career diversity can be a useful component of efforts to shape students’ attitudes and inclinations toward a PhD.
Exposure to childhood trauma or adverse adulthood experiences (AAEs) may increase depression risk. However, the relationships between these factors and age of depression onset remain unclear.
Aims
We aimed to investigate the associations of childhood trauma and AAEs with depression risk across life stages, and their joint effects on lifetime depression risk.
Method
A total of 118 164 participants without prior depression from UK Biobank (UKB) were included. Adverse experiences during childhood and adulthood were assessed through the online mental health questionnaire in 2016, primarily including physical neglect, physical abuse, emotional neglect, emotional abuse and sexual abuse. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to explore the independent and joint effects of childhood trauma and AAEs on the age of depression onset.
Results
In the multivariable-adjusted models, compared with low childhood trauma, high childhood trauma was associated with higher risk of depression occurring in early adulthood [hazard ratio 2.35, 95% CIs: 2.12–2.59] and middle adulthood (hazard ratio 1.86, 95% CIs: 1.67–2.07). Likewise, in comparison with lower levels of AAEs, higher levels were significantly associated with an elevated risk of depression during middle adulthood (hazard ratio 2.71, 95% CIs: 2.26–3.25). In joint analyses we found that, compared with individuals with low AAEs and low childhood trauma, those with low AAEs and high childhood trauma (hazard ratio 1.80, 95% CIs: 1.41–2.30) and those with high AAEs and low childhood trauma (hazard ratio 1.74, 95% CIs: 1.35–2.26) exhibited similarly significant effects on the risk of depression, suggesting that childhood trauma and AAEs had contributed equally to lifetime depression (P > 0.05).
Conclusions
Exposure to childhood trauma or AAEs presented a more detrimental effect on the early onset of depression compared with later stages throughout the lifespan. Our findings advise paying attention to traumatic events at any life stage, and the instigation of prompt intervention strategies following traumatic events, to minimise the risk of lifetime depression.
Counting independent sets in graphs and hypergraphs under a variety of restrictions is a classical question with a long history. It is the subject of the celebrated container method which found numerous spectacular applications over the years. We consider the question of how many independent sets we can have in a graph under structural restrictions. We show that any $n$-vertex graph with independence number $\alpha$ without $bK_a$ as an induced subgraph has at most $n^{O(1)} \cdot \alpha ^{O(\alpha )}$ independent sets. This substantially improves the trivial upper bound of $n^{\alpha },$ whenever $\alpha \le n^{o(1)}$ and gives a characterisation of graphs forbidding which allows for such an improvement. It is also in general tight up to a constant in the exponent since there exist triangle-free graphs with $\alpha ^{\Omega (\alpha )}$ independent sets. We also prove that if one in addition assumes the ground graph is chi-bounded one can improve the bound to $n^{O(1)} \cdot 2^{O(\alpha )}$ which is tight up to a constant factor in the exponent.
This review essay focuses on the intimate, yet contingent, historical relationships between capitalism, democracy and the welfare state in the OECD region. Six landmark studies, published over the past decade, are reviewed: Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson’s Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity and Poverty and The Narrow Corridor: How Nations Struggle for Liberty; Thomas Piketty’s Capital and Ideology; Torben Iversen and David Soskice’s Democracy and Prosperity: Reinventing Capitalism through a Turbulent Century; Peter H. Lindert’s Making Social Spending Work; and Ayşe Buğra’s Social Policy in Capitalist History. All these books reveal the independent effect of historical political factors on the rise of the welfare state across advanced capitalist democracies. Contrary to received wisdom, the central argument put forward is that there is no trade-off between capitalism and democracy and, more importantly, that the welfare state has become an existentially important lubricant buttressing both advanced capitalism and liberal democracy.
This study evaluates the effectiveness of animation-supported education in enhancing seventh-grade students’ awareness and knowledge of Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) threats. It addresses the need for engaging teaching methods for complex topics by implementing an animation-based educational program.
Methods
A CBRN Knowledge Test was developed and administered to 233 students (45.1% male, 54.9% female) to assess their baseline knowledge. Following this, students participated in educational sessions featuring animations that explained CBRN concepts in an engaging manner. The same test was readministered to measure knowledge changes. Additionally, surveys on training satisfaction and perceptions of the animations were conducted.
Results
The results showed that students with low initial CBRN knowledge exhibited significant improvement, while those with moderate or high knowledge also demonstrated measurable gains. This indicates the program’s effectiveness across all knowledge levels. Furthermore, students expressed high satisfaction with the animation-supported training. While no significant differences in knowledge improvement were observed based on gender or age, variations were noted according to branch and school location.
Conclusions
The study highlights the effectiveness of animations as a teaching tool for complex and sensitive topics like CBRN threats. Animation-supported education significantly enhances children’s preparedness and awareness, contributing to their safety and well-being in potential CBRN incidents.
Measles (rubeola) caused by measles virus is highly contagious and can be transmitted via respiratory droplets or can spread via sneezing or coughing of an infected person. In January 2025, two cases of measles associated with international travel seen in unvaccinated individuals of Harris County were reported by the Houston Health Department. This disease which was once declared eradicated from United States (US) in the year 2000, unfortunately has affected a total of 607 cases since January 2025, across the US, with highest number of cases recorded in Texas. Majority of the cases are witnessed in the paediatric population, especially the ones who are unvaccinated or have an uncertain vaccination history. Unfortunately, vaccine hesitancy is an important barrier in achieving measles eradication, and it is more imperative than ever to address this issue in a timely manner. There is an urgent need of virus containment measures to be taken by public health authorities to curb its spread, specifically by reinforcing the importance and safety of vaccinations, debunking myths and educating parents that the recommended two doses of vaccination not only serve as a safety net for their child but also for the community as a whole.
This article studies estimation and inference in the autoregressive (AR) models with unspecified and heavy-tailed heteroskedastic noises. A piece-wise locally stationary structure of the noise is constructed to capture various forms of heterogeneity, without imposing any restrictions on the tail index. The new nonstationary AR model allows for not only time-varying conditional features but also unconditional variance and tail index. This makes it appealing in practice, with wide applications in economics and finance. To obtain a feasible inference, we investigate the self-weighted least absolute deviation estimator and derive its asymptotic normality. Since the asymptotic variance relies on an unobserved density, a bootstrap method is proposed to approximate the limiting distribution. Based on the conditional moment condition, a portmanteau test from residuals is further proposed to detect misspecifications in the proposed model. A simulation study and two applications to time series illustrate our inference procedures.
This paper presents a compact, dual-polarized, 32-element, 47 GHz phased array transceiver, fabricated in 55 nm CMOS technology with antenna in package (AiP) technology for 5G communications. The proposed transceiver employs an intermediate frequency (IF) phase-shifting architecture and a facing-up (FU) configuration AiP. The IF phase shifting is realized using a bidirectional IF vector sum phase shifter and IQ mixer with drain bias, achieves less than 1° phase resolution, with rms phase error of 0.047° and rms amplitude error of 0.063 dB. The output third-order intercept point is above +1.0 dBm with Txconversion gain of more than 16.5 dB over the radio frequency ranges from 46 to 49 GHz. To reduce heat concentration from the high integrated phased-array transceiver, a FU AiP-fan-out wafer-level packaging utilizes solder balls mounted on the package as a heat spreader, resulting in a thermal resistance of less than 0.3 K/W. The finalized AiP size is only 12.3 mm × 14.9 mm. Regarding the over-the-air measurement, the proposed transmitter can deliver an equivalent isotropic radiated power of 30.7 dBm with single polarization and demonstrates transmitter error vector magnitude less than 3.9% under 5G NR modulation scheme (256QAM, 100 MHz bandwidth).
Glyphosate, the most prevalent pesticide and widely used herbicide globally, has seen much research on its potential ecological toxicity. Glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) is directly sprayed in the field, exposing predators to the chemical through contaminated prey or direct contact. While the consequences of ingesting glyphosate have been explored, the specific impact of GBH spraying on Chrysopa pallens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) remains unclear. In this study, life tables were constructed to evaluate the potential effects of different stages of exposure to GBH on both the parents (F0) and offspring (F1) of C. pallens, and the expression of genes related to the insulin signalling pathway and vitellogenin (Vg1) was detected by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results revealed that medium (10 mL/L) and high (20 mL/L) concentrations of GBH adversely affected the development and longevity of the F0 and F1 generation of C. pallens larvae. Notably, high concentrations of GBH significantly reduced the fecundity of the F0 and suppressed Vg1 transcription at both medium and high concentrations. While GBH treatment of C. pallens adults showed no harmful effects on the longevity, fecundity, population parameters, and the transcription levels of genes involved in insulin signalling and Vg1 in the F0. Nevertheless, it altered the developmental duration of the F1. Therefore, spraying GBH may lead to reduced fecundity and inhibit the Vg1 transcription, posing potential risks to both parental and offspring generations of C. pallens. These findings offer valuable insights into the proper utilisation of GBH.
A drop of an electrically conducting non-magnetic fluid of radius $R$, electrical conductivity $\kappa$, density $\rho _i$ and viscosity $\eta _i$ is suspended in a non-conducting medium of density $\rho _o$, viscosity $\eta _o$ and subject to an oscillating magnetic field of magnitude $H_0$ and angular frequency $\omega$. Oscillating eddy currents are induced in the drop due to Faraday’s law. The Lorentz force density, the cross product of the current density and the magnetic field, is the superposition of a steady component and an oscillating component with frequency $2 \omega$. The characteristic velocity due to the Lorentz force density is $(\mu _0 H_0^2 R/\eta _i)$ times a function of the dimensionless parameter $\beta = \sqrt {\mu _0 \kappa \omega R^2}$, the square root of the ratio of the frequency and the current relaxation rate. Here, $\mu _0$ is the magnetic permeability. The characteristic velocities for the steady and oscillatory components increase proportional to $\beta ^{4}$ for $\beta \ll 1$, and decrease proportional to $\beta ^{-1}$ for $\beta \gg 1$. The steady flow field consists of two axisymmetric eddies in the two hemispheres with flow outwards along the magnetic field axis and inwards along the equator. The flow in the drop induces a biaxial extensional flow in the surrounding medium, with compression along the magnetic axis and extension along the equatorial plane. The oscillating component of the velocity depends on $\beta$ and the Reynolds number ${Re}_\omega$ based on the frequency of oscillations. For ${Re}_\omega \gg 1$, the amplitude of the oscillatory velocity decreases proportional to ${Re}_\omega ^{-1}$ for $\beta \ll 1$, and proportional to ${Re}_\omega ^{-1/2}$ for $\beta \gg 1$.
Although many studies have demonstrated associations between peer victimization and internalizing and externalizing problems that may be moderated by genes, it remains unclear whether these links also apply to the within-person level. The present study investigated within-person associations between peer victimization and internalizing and externalizing problems, as well as the moderating effect of between-person differences in the FKBP5 gene. A total of 915 Chinese youth (43.9% girls; Mage = 10.34 years, SD = 0.94) participated in a three-wave longitudinal study with six-month intervals. A random intercept cross-lagged panel model was used to test the hypothesized moderation effects, enabling the examination of time-invariant moderators and the between × within interaction. Results revealed that peer victimization was bidirectionally associated with internalizing and externalizing problems at the within-person level. The FKBP5 gene moderated the within-person pathways from peer victimization to both internalizing and externalizing problems. These findings suggest that individuals with greater genetic susceptibility were more likely to develop internalizing and externalizing symptoms in response to peer victimization. These results highlight gene-environment interactions at the within-person level and underscore the importance of tailored interventions aimed at preventing internalizing and externalizing problems in adolescents.
This study examines the impact of organizational gossip on workplace outcomes, including affective organizational commitment, loneliness, and turnover intention, with a focus on differences between the public and private sectors. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research combines qualitative and quantitative data from surveys conducted with Turkish citizen partners and in-depth interviews with employees in both sectors. The findings reveal that positive gossip enhances social bonds and commitment, while negative gossip leads to loneliness and increased turnover intention, especially in the private sector where job insecurity is higher. The study introduces an integrated framework linking gossip dynamics to organizational processes. Practical implications suggest that managers should address negative gossip while promoting positive gossip to strengthen workplace relationships. This study highlights the dual role of gossip in shaping employee experiences and retention strategies.
Carissa Véliz (2021) soutient que pour être un agent moral, une entité (comme un système algorithmique) doit nécessairement être sentiente. En prenant l’exemple d’une forme d’agentivité sans conscience phénoménale et donc sans sentience, je conteste cette thèse. En effet, certains groupes humains peuvent être considérés comme des agents intentionnels non réductibles aux individus particuliers qui les composent. En m’appuyant sur l’interprétativisme proposé par Uriah Kriegel (2011) et John Haugeland (1990), ainsi que sur la posture intentionnelle (intentional stance) de Daniel Dennett (1987), je montre que l’intentionnalité est une condition suffisante pour parler d’agentivité morale et que, contrairement à ce qu’affirme Véliz, il peut donc y avoir des agents moraux qui ne sont pas sentients.
Given a presilting object in a triangulated category, we find necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a complement. This is done both for classic (pre)silting objects and for large (pre)silting objects. The key technique is the study of associated co-t-structures. As a consequence of our techniques we recover some known cases of the existence of complements, including for derived categories of some hereditary abelian categories and for silting-discrete algebras. Moreover, we also show that a finite-dimensional algebra is silting discrete if and only if every bounded large silting complex is equivalent to a compact one.