The Critically Endangered Hooded Grebe Podiceps gallardoi has suffered a population decline of 80% since the 1980s. The evolutionary history and its critical conservation status place it 20th in the EDGE of Existence Bird List (EDGE-ZSL) among the more than 10,000 bird species of the world. The identification of demographically independent units (“management units”) is essential to address appropriate conservation and management strategies for threatened species. Genetic markers can be used to infer isolated populations without the need for logistically expensive banding and recapture. We used blood samples of 71 Hooded Grebes (c.10% of the global population) from three reproductive populations located at different plateaus that hold over 90% of the species’ global population. We analysed genetic population structure using a 353-bp fragment of mtDNA control region and 1,886 RAD loci to study whether Hooded Grebes are philopatric or not. We did not find differences in genetic structure of populations between plateaus indicating that Hooded Grebes do not consistently return to their plateau of origin. Our results are critical to understanding the connection of populations throughout the full annual movement cycle and propose management actions accordingly.

This article explores the intersection of Cold War geopolitics, cultural psychiatry, and migration in Taiwan from the mid-1940s to the 1970s. Building on recent scholarship in cultural psychiatry and Cold War science, it examines how geopolitical tensions shaped psychiatric knowledge production in East Asia. Focusing on the psychological and social impact of the 1949 mass migration, when over a million Chinese immigrants arrived in Taiwan, alongside the clinical and academic work of Taiwanese psychiatrists, the study highlights how migration and societal upheaval became central research concerns. Operating under the authoritarian Kuomintang regime and within the constraints and opportunities of international politics, Taiwanese psychiatrists – most of whom were native-born with colonial backgrounds – drew on intellectual traditions from imperial Japan, fascist Germany, and the Cold War Western bloc. Navigating both global psychiatric discourses and local concerns, they positioned themselves as key contributors to the international development of psychiatric research. While their portrayals of Chinese character structure and family dynamics sometimes reflected essentialist views, their work also demonstrated a nuanced awareness of historical change and contemporary realities during a period of intense political repression and uncertainty. By analysing archival sources and medical texts, this article illuminates the complex interplay between geopolitics and psychiatric knowledge production in Cold War Taiwan.

Machine learning, an artificial intelligence (AI) approach, provides scope for developing predictive modelling in mental health. The ability of machine learning algorithms to analyse vast amounts of data and make predictions about the onset or course of mental health problems makes this approach a valuable tool in mental health research of the future. The right use of this approach could improve personalisation and precision of medical and non-medical treatment approaches. However, ensuring the availability of large, good-quality data-sets that represent the diversity of the population, along with the need for openness and transparency of the AI approaches, are some of the challenges that need to be overcome. This article provides an overview of current machine learning applications in mental health research, synthesising literature identified through targeted searches of key databases and expert knowledge to examine research developments and emerging applications of AI-enabled predictive modelling in psychiatry. The article appraises both the potential applications and current challenges of AI-based predictive modelling in psychiatric practice and research.

The presence of children in eighteenth-century English voluntary hospitals is an area of increasing interest and attention. The Northampton Infirmary admission records detail inpatient and outpatient ages from 1744 to 1804, allowing for longitudinal investigations of children in the institution. The most common distempers affecting children were surgical infections, infectious diseases, and skin diseases; fifty-six per cent of the child patients were male and 43.3 per cent were female. Nearly seventy-five per cent of children left the hospital ‘cured’. This article outlines the Northampton Infirmary Eighteenth Century Child Admission Database, and demonstrates how the patterning of distempers within and among children provides insight into the health journeys of eighteenth-century children through the lens of their bodies, their parents, and their institutional recommenders.

Over the past two decades, there have been encouraging achievements in the surgical treatment of children with congenital tracheal stenosis. Slide tracheoplasty has become the standard surgical procedure for the correction of long-segment congenital tracheal stenosis with abnormal bronchial morphology in many medical centres around the world. Identification of the shape and degree of tracheal stenosis before operation is helpful to develop a better surgical strategy. Flexible application of slide tracheoplasty can effectively correct different types of congenital tracheal stenosis. Cardiopulmonary bypass and intraoperative fiberoptic bronchoscopy are helpful to improve the efficiency of surgery. Postoperative multidisciplinary cooperative management can improve the prognosis of children. Biodegradable scaffolds, tissue-engineered trachea, and 3D printing technology are based on a completely different perspective from traditional medicine. The initial attempts in the biomedical field provide a new idea for the treatment of congenital tracheal stenosis. This article reviews the classification, past and current situation, advantages, surgical indications, surgical techniques, prognosis, related risk factors, and prospects of slide tracheoplasty in the treatment of congenital tracheal stenosis in children.

This paper provides an overview of key concepts in evolutionary psychiatry, summarising major evolutionary explanations for mental illness and highlighting the potential of these perspectives to enhance assessment, diagnosis, explanation to the patient, treatment and prevention strategies. Expanding beyond conventional evolutionary approaches, we explore environmental influences on mental health and illness, emphasising the significant areas of convergence between evolutionary and environmental viewpoints. We then propose an integrated framework that combines insights from both perspectives, offering general principles for improving mental health outcomes at both individual and population levels. The discussion includes implications for general practice, public health and broader societal considerations, with particular reference to concepts such as biophilia and the emerging role of ‘green care’ in psychiatric practice.

During the last decade, early Neolithic sites with unique flat-bottomed pottery as distinguishing feature were discovered in the southern part of Western Siberia at the Baraba forest-steppe and identified as the Early Neolithic Baraba Culture (briefly, Baraba culture). The culture is represented in settlements and ritual complexes, has households, as well as implements made of stone and bone. Samples of mammal bones, bird bones and bone artifacts were collected from three sites of the Baraba Culture: Vengerovo-2, Tartas-1, and Ust-Tartas mounds, and dated by accelerator mass-spectrometry (AMS) to reconstruct the chronology of the sites. 36 reliable radiocarbon dates were obtained: 12 of them at the Curt-Engelhorn-Centre of Archaeometry (Mannheim, Germany) and 24 at the AMS Golden Valley (Novosibirsk, Russia). Minimal-to-no differences between radiocarbon dates assessed at GV and MAMS facilities were identified by Bayesian analysis of covariance/analysis of variance. Bayesian chronological modeling supports existence of the Baraba culture between the middle of 8th millennium BC till the start of 6th millennium BC. Two stages of sites’ use were identified, separated by the transitory period of uncertain duration lasting since the end of 7th millennium. The end of the first stage was followed by abandonment of the Tartas-1 site, which we suggest coincided with the start of the 8.2k climatic event.1

In the region of Cyrenaica is located the rural sanctuary of Martuba, where two altars and a set of statues have been discovered that have traditionally been linked to the goddess Isis. However, through a comparison with other elements belonging both to the region and to Numidian and Phoenician-Punic areas, as well as Egypt, this paper defends their identification not with the Egyptian divinity, but with the one with which a process of hybridisation or religious bricolage took place at some point prior to Herodotus, the puissance divine called for convenience ‘Luna’ (Moon). This suggests the presence of two intertwined cultural traditions that have contributed to the formation of an innovative and distinct local reality. The resultant cultural artefact is characterised by a synthesis of influences from dominant cultures, such as Roman and Egyptian, while retaining distinctive elements that are unique to the Libyan-Phoenician tradition.

One cannot justifiably presuppose the physical salience of structures derived via decoherence theory based upon an entirely uninterpreted use of the quantum formalism. Non-probabilistic accounts of the emergence of probability via decoherence are unconvincing. An alternative account of the emergence of probability involves the combination of a partially interpreted decoherence model and an averaging of observables with respect to a positive-definite quasiprobability function and neglect of terms of . Our analysis delimits the context in which the combination of decoherence and a semi-classical averaging allows us to recover a classical probability model within an emergent coarse-grained description.

Forest structure has a significant impact on the quality of habitat for various bird communities. In particular, birds that rely on forests, such as woodpeckers, are sensitive to changes in the characteristics of the forest. However, there is limited knowledge on how woodpeckers respond to these changes in forests outside protected areas, and in the highly seasonal Eastern Himalaya. To address this gap, a study was conducted in the differently managed non-protected forests of Darjeeling, Eastern Himalaya, India, spanning an elevation range of 250–2,400 m. The study aimed to identify the key forest characteristics that influence woodpecker diversity at the community and individual species levels. Data on woodpeckers were collected using point counts along transects during the pre-monsoon, monsoon, post-monsoon, and winter seasons. Habitat characteristics were assessed using 20 × 20 m quadrats at each observation point. The study recorded 1,721 individual woodpeckers belonging to 13 species from 3,456 point counts. The results indicated that the basal area and density of snags were the main factors influencing woodpecker diversity. Woodpeckers in the study area showed a significant negative relationship with the basal area, tree density, and tree diameter diversity. This suggests that woodpeckers prefer high snag density but scattered, smaller, and more uniformly sized trees in the study area. Among individual species, the Greater Yellownape Chrysophlegma flavinucha and Grey-capped Pygmy Yungipicus canicapillus Woodpeckers showed a strong preference for high snag density, while Bay Woodpeckers Blythipicus pyrrhotis were closely associated with high canopy cover and denser forests. Seasonal effects had minimal influence on woodpecker diversity in the study area. The study contradicts the typical preference of large woodpeckers for large trees and greater basal areas, despite four large-sized species making up 75% of the woodpecker community in the region. Thus, the findings highlight the importance of considering species-specific, region-specific, and management-specific habitat requirements when developing conservation strategies.