The marked Hawkes risk process is a compound point process where the occurrence and amplitude of past events impact the future. Since data in real life are acquired over a discrete time grid, we propose a strong discrete-time approximation of the continuous-time risk process obtained by embedding from the same Poisson measure. We then prove trajectorial convergence results in both fractional Sobolev spaces and the Skorokhod space, hence extending the theorems proven in Huang and Khabou ((2023). Stoch. Process. Appl. 161, 201–241) and Kirchner ((2016). Stoch. Process. Appl. 126(8), 2494–2525). We also provide upper bounds on the convergence speed with explicit dependence on the size of the discretization step, the time horizon, and the regularity of the kernel.

Renewed interest in supersonic air travel has prompted researchers to reconsider the design and operation of supersonic transport aircraft. Previously, such aircraft were restricted to overwater routes due to the disturbances caused by their sonic booms. Now, however, low-boom designs and overland flight at marginally supersonic Mach numbers are seen as potential enablers for widespread supersonic air travel. As a result, the trajectories that next-generation supersonic transports may fly are likely to be less constrained than for previous types, and in the last decade there has been a noticeable increase in research focusing on trajectory planning for such aircraft. This paper reviews the different methods that have been used to generate and optimise the flight paths of past and future supersonic transports. The challenges associated with optimising trajectories for aircraft that do not yet exist are discussed, and suggestions for future research activity are presented. Climate-optimal trajectory planning and development of detailed, non-proprietary supersonic aircraft performance models are identified as two key areas for future work.

We provide a first-order homogenization result for quadratic functionals. In particular, we identify the scaling of the energy and the explicit form of the limiting functional in terms of the first-order correctors. The main novelty of the paper is the use of the dual correspondence between quadratic functionals and PDEs, combined with a refinement of the classical Riemann–Lebesgue lemma.

We introduce a notion of stratification for rigidly-compactly generated tensor-triangulated categories relative to the homological spectrum and develop the fundamental features of this theory. In particular, we demonstrate that it exhibits excellent descent properties. In conjunction with Balmer’s Nerves of Steel conjecture, we conclude that classical stratification also admits a general form of descent. This gives a uniform treatment of several recent stratification results and provides a complete answer to the question: When does stratification descend? As a new application, we extend earlier work on the tensor triangular geometry of equivariant module spectra from finite groups to compact Lie groups.

The International Law Commission’s ongoing study on subsidiary means identifies a significant pattern: international courts predominantly cite teachings from a narrow cohort of Western, male scholars. The Commission’s response, adopting “representativeness” to ensure geographic and demographic proportionality, while well-intentioned, could reflect a misalignment if this concept is applied formalistically. Unlike state-derived sources of law, teachings derive their authority from analytical rigor rather than representative mandates. This article argues that applying representativeness to scholarly works may misconceive their epistemological function within Article 38(1)(d). We propose a pluralist approach grounded in three interconnected arguments: epistemological (disrupting legalist assumptions about determinacy), dialectical (mediating between formal law and lived experience), and sociological (challenging inherited patterns of judicial reasoning). While acknowledging that both pluralism and representativeness remain susceptible to formalistic application, we suggest a purposive reading of “representativeness” that embraces pluralism as offering a more direct pathway to surfacing the assumptions embedded within legalist methodology.

While the growing representation of women in diplomacy is often celebrated, scholarship on occupational feminisation warns that feminisation can trigger a devaluation of professional work. This article focuses on two conditions identified as inhibitors of such devaluation – the overall status of the occupation and the value accorded to female labour within the occupation – and traces how these two conditions have varied over time and interacted with feminisation in diplomatic work. We contend that in the transition from a classical to a polylateral mode of diplomacy, feminisation has not led to devaluation, as it coincided with an increase in the status of diplomatic work and reinforced the salience of ‘feminine’ skills. However, currently, the rise of populism is undermining these safeguards against devaluation in diplomatic work by constraining the autonomy of diplomats and delegitimising their expert knowledge. To illustrate these dynamics, the article examines the Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs (TMFA). We show that the growing diversification and ambition of Turkish foreign policy in the 2000s enhanced the status of diplomatic work and the value of female labour in it. However, by the mid-2010s, these safeguards against devaluation for a more gender-equal TMFA have weakened in the populist–authoritarian political context. Thus, in the context of rising populism in Turkey as well as globally, it is imperative for initiatives to increase women’s representation to be accompanied by strategies that preserve and elevate the status of diplomatic work.

The development of electroacoustic music in China over the past four decades has been shaped not only by the nation’s modernisation strategies but also by the interplay of historical contexts, temporal frameworks and cultural connotations. While certain achievements have been made in the current phase, the entrenched dualistic framework of ‘China versus the West’ and a lack of critical inquiry fundamentally constrain the potential for further advancement in China’s electroacoustic music. Positioning ‘Chineseness’ as a central strategy in electroacoustic music composition has proven effective in specific historical contexts. However, with the evolution of the times, this strategy requires re-examination and reassessment within contemporary contexts. This paper seeks to trace the developmental trajectory of electroacoustic music in China and analyse existing academic research to identify and unpack its deeper, underlying issues. By introducing a broader ecological perspective, the paper aims to transcend the rigid, dichotomous framework dominated by Chinese-Western dualism, deconstruct cultural essentialism and critically reassess the positioning of Chinese electroacoustic music within these constructs. Finally, it will explore the potential possibilities and responses of an ecological perspective in practice, based on a selection of compositional practices, including my own work Mixobloodify.

The contribution that coal miners made to the reconstruction of Europe is hard-wired into popular memory, with widespread tales of the selfless sacrifice that saw miners conduct extra shifts and work longer hours for the nation. This article compares three conflicts that arose when miners were ordered to go the extra mile: the campaign to have miners in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais basin (France) make up public holidays in early 1945, the extension of the Saturday shift in the coal mines of the Ostrava-Karviná basin (Czechoslovakia) in late 1946, and the calls on miners in the Ruhr basin (Germany) to conduct extra shifts to provide the population with coal for the winter of 1946/47. Where trade unionists invoked patriotic sentiments and, when that failed, ethnic resentments to motivate miners to go the extra mile, this article shows that generational conflict between old and young miners was the driving force behind these disputes.

Algorithmic management (AM) is reshaping work in many industries. However, what is done to redress potential risks is little understood. This study explores how trade unions, employers, and government actors assess AM-related occupational safety and health (OSH) risks and their strategies to understand how industrial relations could influence the safety and health of workers managed by digital technologies. Drawing on the Pressure, Disorganisation and Regulatory failure (PDR) model and interview and document data from Sweden, we find a gradually increasing interest in AM in the early 2020s among the government and the social partners. Unions learn, inform, and bargain about AM; employers enact ‘healthy discipline’; and government agencies inspect digital risks in workplaces. Moreover, economic and reward pressures contribute to AM-associated OSH risks. Disorganisation manifests as a lack of knowledge about the OSH effects of AM, leading to ineffective OSH management. Regulatory failure is reflected in new EU regulations stalling national-level initiatives, since the overlapping regulations complicate the enforcement of existing OSH regulations. This study highlights the crucial role of trade unions in advancing the agenda on AM-related OSH risks. It also makes a theoretical contribution by extending the PDR model, offering insights into the driving forces shaping AM and compromising OSH beyond the workplace level – highlighting wider politico-economic and institutional dynamics influencing OSH.

We study a discrete process on planar convex bodies in which, at each step, a body is replaced by a weighted Minkowski average of itself and its rotation by a fixed angle. Up to translation and uniform scaling, this produces a rigid averaging dynamical system. We give a complete classification of the limit shapes. If the angle is an irrational multiple of $2\pi $, the iterates converge to a disk. If the angle is rational, they converge to the average of finitely many rotated copies of the initial body. We also obtain sharp convergence rates. In the rational case, the decay is uniform and exponential with an explicit constant depending only on the weight and the denominator of the angle. For irrational angles, we prove quantitative rates under a mild number-theoretic condition that holds for almost every angle: low regularity inputs have polynomial decay up to a logarithmic factor, while real analytic inputs have stretched exponential decay. For angles with bounded continued fraction coefficients, we give matching lower bounds along subsequences. These results describe the global attractors of the dynamics and indicate the absence of chaotic behaviour.

This article addresses the expansion of urban public services in major Nordic cities, from 1850 to 1920. We argue that changes in political discourse were the driving force that prompted politicians to act on behalf of the urban public, significantly before the rise of the universal welfare state. The discursive changes are explored through three analytic concepts: publicness, urban citizenship and the welfare city. We start by presenting a short overview of the development of urban public services. Then we demonstrate how these concepts may be used in conjunction to explain the historical changes. Finally, the material effects are discussed in three case-studies, addressing freshwater pipes, public transport and municipal health care, respectively.

Rising concerns about poor adolescent mental health have often focused on girls and self-harm, yet growing evidence highlights the negative impact on boys—particularly those who feel alienated and turn to online spaces for socialization. This carries the risk of exposure to extremist content, as seen in toxic subcultures like the incel movement, and dramatized in the recent Netflix series Adolescence (2025). Declining face-to-face socialization and weakened parental support further compound vulnerabilities. Addressing this crisis requires multi-level interventions, including digital literacy education, stronger online safety regulations, and community-based mental health support. Urgent policy action and further research are needed to mitigate the harmful effects of online radicalization on youth.