Novel tools have allowed researchers to intervene into circuits at the mesoscale. The results of these interventions are often explained by appeal to functions. How are functions ascribed to circuit parts experimentally? I identify two kinds of function ascription practices in circuit interventions. Analysis of these practices shows us that what makes function ascriptions challenging is a lack of interventive control and insufficient constraints on the class of candidate functions to discriminate in practice. One kind of function ascription practice—subtractive analysis—fares better at addressing these challenges.

As China pursues high-quality, innovation-driven growth, it faces rising economic policy uncertainty (EPU) fuelled by information gaps, changing policy priorities and geopolitical tensions. Yet how EPU shapes green technology innovation remains contested. Analysing panel data from A-share listed companies (2009–2019), this study reveals that EPU motivates enterprises to improve green innovation levels. Mechanism analysis shows that EPU increases R&D investment and strengthens environmental, social and governance (ESG) performance, especially among large and state-owned enterprises, while significantly reducing the effectiveness of environmental subsidies. These findings suggest EPU acts as a strategic catalyst, though patent growth may partly reflect strategic filing behaviour rather than substantive technological progress. Consequently, policy frameworks must provide predictable, long-term support. Governments should improve subsidy mechanisms and promote adaptive R&D strategies to utilize uncertainty as a driver for green transformation. While the 2009–2019 scope ensures data reliability, the results’ external validity should be considered alongside post-2020 macroeconomic and geopolitical shifts.

Annually resolved radiocarbon (14C) records from tree rings provide a high-resolution archive for investigating short-term atmospheric 14C variations driven by solar and cosmic activity, as well as terrestrial processes, including geomagnetic modulation, stratosphere–troposphere exchange, ocean–atmosphere interactions, and tree physiological traits. While extensive data are available for the Northern Hemisphere, comparable high-resolution records from the Southern Hemisphere are scarce, making it difficult to obtain robust 14C calibration for the south and to evaluate 14C distribution models. Here, within the framework of the CHASCA project, we present a new annually resolved 14C record from Fitzroya cupressoides, a long-lived conifer native to southern South America, spanning AD 970–1084 (RAL060), with samples collected in North Patagonia, Argentina. This is the first annually resolved radiocarbon series from South America and among the longest for the Southern Hemisphere.

The CHASCA series shows strong agreement with Northern Hemisphere datasets and with SHCal20 confirming the expected interhemispheric offset. It also captures the AD 993–994 solar particle event, with a statistically significant level (≈ 7 σ), though with reduced amplitude compared to the shorter decade-long records from New Zealand and Chile. This attenuation may reflect a combination of stratospheric–tropospheric dynamics, regional environmental conditions, and species-specific growth dynamics, although these mechanisms remain speculative and require further investigation, underscoring the complexity of local expression of cosmogenic 14C signals. The CHASCA series thus extends the geographic coverage of annually resolved-14C datasets and establishes South America as a key region for detecting and comparing short-term cosmogenic events.

The extreme warmth of Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 11 has been extensively studied in the terrestrial realm; however, less is known about its expression in the North Pacific. Here, we present a multiproxy record from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Site U1339 in the southeastern Bering Sea (Umnak Plateau). We use sedimentology, diatoms, and organic geochemistry to reconstruct sea ice and primary productivity from the end of MIS 12 to the beginning of MIS 10 (430–368 ka) at this site. In late MIS 12, the Umnak Plateau experienced extensive seasonal sea ice cover, with spring sea ice concentration near 100%. Based on diatoms and ice-rafted debris, sea ice declined to year-round ice-free conditions during deglaciation but readvanced during the interglacial climatic optimum. In contrast, sea ice has not been present at the Umnak Plateau throughout the Holocene. During MIS 11, sea ice at this site may have persisted due to a more easterly and/or weaker Aleutian Low. Laminated sediments indicate enhanced seasonal productivity during deglaciation. However, productivity does not remain high throughout the interglacial. The decline in productivity during MIS 11 occurs independently of fluctuations in sea ice and upwelling and may be due to increasing nutrient limitation.

We study the geometry of the complex hyperbolic triangle group $\Delta_{4,\infty,\infty;\infty}$ acting on the complex hyperbolic plane $\mathbf{H}^2_{\mathbb C}$ and show that the 3-manifold at infinity of $\Delta_{4,\infty,\infty;\infty}$ is the complement of the chain link $8^4_1$ in the 3-sphere. In particular, the four-cusped hyperbolic 3-manifold $S^3-8^4_1$ admits a spherical CR-uniformisation. Since the ideal boundary of the Ford domain is an infinite-genus handlebody, we introduce a new technique to construct embedded topological disks that cap off the genus, ensuring their boundaries are compatible with the side-pairings. This surgical approach facilitates the determination of the fundamental group of the manifold at infinity and simplifies the computation compared to [14].

Based on this result and previous studies, we conjecture that the chain link $C_p$ serves as an ancestor of the 3-manifold at infinity for the critical complex hyperbolic triangle group $\Delta_{p,q,r;\infty}$, where $3 \leq p \leq 9$.

We construct one of the longest continuous rent series for the pre-modern world, tracing Toledo’s housing market from 1489 to 1810. Using the Cathedral’s portfolio, we merge a hedonic microdataset (1489–1650) with a decadal census of leases (1650–1810), yielding over 34,000 transactions and coverage of up to 35% of dwellings in the city per sampled year. Privileged groups drove a bubble-like surge in rents during the sixteenth-century silver boom, while the working poor saw only modest increases. After 1600, the premiums once paid by artisans and shopkeepers over unskilled laborers steadily disappeared, marking the erosion of Toledo’s middle class. These findings underscore the role of housing markets in both reflecting and reinforcing inequality in early modern Spain.

Current geometric-based path-planning methods for vertical parking in automated parking systems face issues such as stringent initial position requirements, insufficient clearance from garage boundaries, and discontinuous curvature. To address these problems, this paper proposes a parking path-planning method that integrates the Reeds–Shepp curve with an improved particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The parking process is decomposed into forward and backward segments, each generated using the Reeds–Shepp curve to enhance flexibility. The shift point, defined as the transition between the two segments, serves as the decision variable in the PSO framework. The fitness function jointly considers path length and deviation between the target pose and garage entry. A quadratic Bézier curve and a nonlinear adaptation mechanism are incorporated into the PSO to determine the optimal shift point, mitigating the risk of proximity to garage boundaries. The initial path is then generated using the Reeds–Shepp curve based on the initial pose, shift point, and target pose. After discretization, the path points are optimized via a nonlinear optimization formulation to eliminate curvature discontinuities at segment junctions. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method generates feasible, continuous-curvature parking paths across a variety of initial poses, outperforming conventional approaches in terms of flexibility and clearance.

Dendrobium is one of the largest genera in Orchidaceae, comprising approximately 1621 accepted species worldwide, including 96 species native to China, and is of considerable ornamental and medicinal value. In this review, we summarize Chinese native Dendrobium germplasm resources and analyse hybrid breeding patterns based on records from the Royal Horticultural Society (RHS) and OrchidWiz databases. As of 1 January 2026, 18,085 Dendrobium hybrids have been registered, of which 1035 involve Chinese native species as parents. There is a clear sectional imbalance in the RHS hybrid registration records, with breeding resources heavily concentrated within Sect. Dendrobium particularly D. nobile and D. moniliforme, while most other sections remain underutilized in crossing practices. The uneven exploitation of Dendrobium sections stems not from poor germplasm potential, but from the absence of phylogeny-directed parental selection. In addition, some native species from Sect. Densiflora, such as D. lindleyi, D. densiflorum and D. thyrsiflorum, exhibit high ornamental value but remain underutilized in hybrid combinations. By integrating hybrid registration data, award records and progeny performance, we identify key constraints in the hybrid breeding of Chinese native Dendrobium and propose strategies emphasizing systematic germplasm conservation and evaluation, phylogeny-guided parent selection, and the application of modern breeding technologies. This review provides a reference for improving hybrid breeding efficiency and promoting the sustainable utilization of Chinese native Dendrobium germplasm resources.

Dietary acid load (DAL), which reflects diet’s overall acid–base balance, has been proposed to influence glucose metabolism; however, epidemiological findings on its relationship with diabetes risk remain inconsistent. While Western studies suggest that higher DAL is associated with higher diabetes risk, particularly among women, findings from East Asian populations have been inconsistent, particularly regarding sex-specific associations. The present prospective study examined the association between DAL and 5-year diabetes incidence among Japanese adults, focusing on sex-specific differences. Data were obtained from 19,040 participants (7,037 men and 12,003 women) in the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study. DAL was estimated based on the potential renal acid load (PRAL) and net endogenous acid production (NEAP) derived from a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for incident diabetes were estimated separately for men and women across PRAL and NEAP quartiles using multivariable logistic regression with multiple imputations for missing covariates. During follow-up, 490 new diabetes cases were identified (245 in each sex). Among women, higher DAL was significantly associated with a higher risk of diabetes; ORs (95% CIs) from multivariable-adjusted model, including sociodemographic, lifestyle, health status, and macronutrient covariates, comparing the highest with the lowest quartiles were 1.61 (1.09–2.37) for PRAL and 1.72 (1.18–2.52) for NEAP. No clear associations were observed among men. The findings provide a foundation for further studies in East Asian populations using more precise dietary assessment methods to clarify the association between DAL and incident diabetes and to inform dietary guidelines and preventive strategies.

This paper presents a method for designing short-circuited stub filters using coaxial technology. The approach relies on an original interconnection technique, based on crossing the polarities of coaxial lines, enabling both inverters and resonators to be implemented in a coaxial configuration. To validate the concept, two fourth-order tubular coaxial band-pass stub filters, with relative bandwidths of 24% and 39%, are synthesized, fabricated in aluminum, and measured. Simulated multipactor power-handling performances and experimental S-parameters are presented and discussed. The reliability and soundness of the approach were also demonstrated by designing and measuring two second-order band-pass filters using F24 filter building blocks. Finally, a comparison with the state-of-the-art is provided.

During the long nineteenth century, operatic narratives, music and performance styles had a rich secondary life in fantoccini puppet shows, ballet, tableaux vivants and magic lantern shows. The intersection of ballet with opera is well known, but operatic material was also adapted by these other genres that, in turn, were often chosen as the vehicle for discrete sequences within operas. Opera thus achieved a presence in many genres during the century that only disappeared as it neared the twentieth. This cross-pollination disturbs the categorizations of high and low art, and challenges the assumption that street artforms only engaged with opera on parodic or satirical levels. The article contextualizes this cross-pollination within society’s acceleration towards mass-literacy in the second half of the nineteenth century. As Britain’s performance culture shifted to reflect increased literacy, new stage languages emerged in each of these genres along with innovations in storytelling, and this separated them from the proto-literate traditions which had facilitated their cross-pollination in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Exemplifying Kress and Leeuven’s interpretation of advanced literacy as multi-modal, where media other than text shape communication, performances became more instrumentally-supported, more visual, faster paced, physically active and audience comprehension became more instant. Older styles of external interpreters and heavy expositions came to an end. In the process, opera lost a valuable conduit in other performance genres.

This article analyses the American influences that contributed to Polish Jewish violinist Bronislaw Huberman’s (1882–1947) establishment of the Palestine Symphony Orchestra in 1936. Although Huberman is remembered for his pivotal role in the orchestra’s creation, his political and musical vision was significantly shaped by his visits to the United States, beginning in the 1920s. These experiences transformed him into a prominent advocate of the Pan-Europe movement and a vocal critic of the Nazi regime. This paper argues that American ideals and cultural dynamics played a crucial role in shaping the orchestra’s identity and vision. Ultimately, it demonstrates that the Palestine Symphony Orchestra’s formation was not solely rooted in its German origins but was also influenced by American values and aspirations.

Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASP) serve as a valuable resource to healthcare institutions. This commentary explores a real world demonstration of the potential advantages and pitfalls of using artificial intelligence (AI) in ASP, both in supporting the development of institutional guidelines and in providing a cost-effectiveness analysis of these protocols, as well as the caution that should be exercised when involving AI in stewardship.