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This study examines how love is metaphorically represented by non‑native English speakers, focusing on German learners of English as a second language. Drawing on interviews conducted in 2024, the research investigates the metaphorical linguistic features and conceptualizations used by 96 bachelor’s degree students when expressing love in English. Participants were asked to describe situations in which they would express love and to provide examples of how they would formulate such expressions. As the interviews took place in English used as a lingua franca, the dataset reflects communicative practices characteristic of ELF interactions, including creative or non‑standard metaphor use. Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) serves as the analytical framework for identifying and interpreting the metaphorical patterns in the data. By relying on naturally occurring language rather than introspective intuition, the study addresses critiques of CMT, including its dependence on researcher interpretation and limited empirical grounding. The findings show how socio‑cultural background, L1 conceptual structures and L2 proficiency shape metaphorical expressions of love, contributing to a deeper understanding of emotional metaphor use in second language contexts.
Lawrence Goodwyn’s Democratic Promise: The Populist Moment in America (1976), a pathbreaking book on the history of Populism and agrarianism, turns fifty in 2026. In this retrospective roundtable, a distinguished panel of historians of Populism discusses the book and its legacy, as well as its author and the relevant historiographical debates. Democratic Promise, which focused largely (although not exclusively) on Texas, was one of several works that pushed back against earlier analyses of the Populists, such as the largely negative portrayal in Richard Hofstadter’s The Age of Reform (1955). Goodwyn, who taught for more than three decades at Duke University, controversially introduced the idea of a “shadow movement” that effectively derailed the promise of Populism. Nevertheless, Goodwyn’s book was tremendously influential, and it still demands the attention of historians of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era.
This Article argues that international tax law has developed the characteristics of an asymmetric regime complex; contests over its normative content are playing out simultaneously in the OECD and in the UN. The OECD provides technical rulemaking capacity, while the UN serves to address claims about legitimacy and equity. Powerful states—especially China and the United States—have been exploiting the overlap between the two institutional arenas to try to press their competing visions for domestic and international tax governance.