The last decade has witnessed a significant increase in academic and journalistic interest in the United States Supreme Court’s “shadow docket.” Yet despite this increased interest, there exists no systematic database of the shadow docket. This paper summarizes the Supreme Court Shadow Docket Database, which we created by parsing the Journal of the Supreme Court from the 1993 through 2024 terms into individual orders. We categorize these orders into a set of usable categories, including cert denials, injunctions, summary reversals, mandamus petitions, and grant, vacate, and remands. We illustrate some potential uses of the data by examining several interesting trends in the Court’s use of the shadow docket over time.

As a contribution to the American Political Science Review (APSR)’s retrospective data publication initiative, I have published the data and code associated with my article, Political Cleavages within Industry: Firm-level Lobbying for Trade Liberalization (Kim 2017), in the APSR Dataverse (Kim 2025). These materials were not peer reviewed prior to the publication of the original article.

This article discusses the modalities of visual necropolitics in the context of Russia’s war on Ukraine. Drawing on the concepts of necropolitics (Mbembe 2003), visual necropolitics (Deprez 2023), and insights into everyday forms of violence and subjugation, this article argues that the necropolitics of Russia’s war on Ukraine manifests itself in the form of physical but also social death. Relying on the method of visual semiotic analysis, it identifies two key modalities of visual necropolitics: manipulation of representations and a forceful imposition of a new identity. In doing so, it contributes to the literatures on necropolitics of war and the lived experiences of peoples and communities living under occupation.

Drawing on the New Economics of Labour Migration and debt overhang theories, this study investigates the joint impact of remittances and external debt on CO2 emissions in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka from 1991 to 2023. Using balanced panel data and multi-stage estimation techniques—including pooled OLS, Driscoll–Kraay standard errors and Feasible GLS—the study finds that remittance inflows consistently reduce emissions, likely by enabling cleaner household investments. In contrast, both external debt stock and debt servicing increase emissions, suggesting that debt burdens may crowd out environmentally friendly public spending. Notably, the interaction between debt stock and servicing shows a mitigating effect, while heavy debt servicing diminishes the environmental benefits of remittances. Additionally, urbanization and financial development contribute to higher emissions. These findings highlight the need for integrated policies that direct remittances towards green investments and incorporate environmental conditions into debt-servicing frameworks, helping South Asian countries pursue more sustainable development paths.

This paper presents a circularly polarized (CP) antenna employing both uniform and non-uniform metasurfaces to achieve wideband characteristics. The proposed antenna consists of a dual-feed CP antenna as the source element, a 4$\times$4 metasurface lattice as the superstrate, and a sequential feed network. Initially, the performance of the antenna is analyzed using a uniform metasurface. Subsequently, by adjusting the size of the inner unit cells, the uniform metasurface is transformed into a non-uniform configuration. The proposed design with a uniform metasurface achieves a $-$10 dB impedance bandwidth ranging from 5.21 to 6.47 GHz (21.57%) and a 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth from 3.96 to 6.67 GHz (50.9%). The use of a non-uniform metasurface significantly improves the overall antenna performance, achieving a $-$10 dB impedance bandwidth and 3-dB AR bandwidth of 4.98 to 7.45 GHz (40%) and 2 to 7.26 GHz (113%), respectively. The optimized design with a non-uniform metasurface is fabricated and tested. Overall size of the antenna is 40$\times$40$\times$3.4 mm$^3$ (0.72$\times$0.72$\times$0.062 $\lambda_{0}^3$), where $\lambda_{0}$ represents effective wavelength at an operating frequency of 5.5 GHz. The simulated and measured results of the proposed antenna are found to be in good agreement.

This article examines three refugee-established markets in Delhi, Gaffar Market in Karol Bagh after Partition, Majnu ka Tilla following the arrival of Tibetan exiles in the 1960s, and Little Kabul in Lajpat Nagar shaped by Afghan migration from the 1980s, to explore how displaced communities created forms of urban belonging through commerce. These markets did not grow from state-led rehabilitation policies alone, but from tolerated encroachments, kin-based credit, remembered trade routes, and the tactical use of temporary documents to claim legibility while existing on the margins of the state. Drawing on archival materials, including zoning reports, eviction files, newspaper reports, and planning memos, the article develops the idea of the bazaar as archive: a site where histories of displacement are bureaucratically inscribed through economic activity. It argues that these markets reflect distinct refugee modes of urbanism, which generate varied forms of vernacular cosmopolitanism, a public openness shaped not by law or multicultural planning, but by shared consumption, proximity, and economic trust. These commercial geographies reveal how post-colonial cities absorbed displacement not only through formal schemes but also through the everyday logics of trade and neighbourhood familiarity. Additionally, in the absence of legal recognition, refugees have left their marks through cultural and economic means.

This article explores the condition of Indian indentured women labourers on the colonial plantations of Fiji and Natal (now in South Africa) in order to understand the complexities of life in a radically different society and production regime. Opposed to the sources used by scholars to document the women under indenture, such as colonial documents, official reports, and writings of reporters, which have limitations of objective portrayal, this article uses the labourers’ petitions, depositions, and letters written largely in Indian languages either by women or men, individually or collectively, to different authorities. This is a source that has rarely been used hitherto to understand the plantation regime in terms of gender violence, sexuality, and patriarchy. Through a close reading of these letters and petitions and an examination of the conditions of their production and their reception by the colonial authorities, the article argues that plantations, as a radically different space, became a site of the violent struggle between women’s agency and Indian patriarchy in the process of reproduction of cultural selves away from the ‘home’. It further argues that by facilitating both women’s agency and male control, rather than taking an outright side, the colonial state created a space where both freedom and oppression coexisted, often leading to violent outcomes.

As climate change effects become increasingly salient, the need for stringent climate policies becomes more pressing. The implementation of such policies is often met with resistance from the public due to their perceived costs and distributional implications. Scholars have mostly focused on material compensations to increase public support among policy losers. This article goes beyond the existing literature by showing how what we term symbolic policies can enhance support for costlier policies. We define symbolic policies as policies sending meaningful messages to the public but having low material impacts. We argue that without changing the material costs that climate policies impose, symbolic policies increase public support by altering the message that costly policies convey. We demonstrate our argument using survey experiments and qualitative interviews conducted in France, showing that symbolic policies can significantly increase support for costly climate policies and increase perceptions of fairness, elite behavior, and government credibility.

This research paper investigated the hypothesis that the high production of 3-methylbutanal by lactic acid bacteria is achieved not only through a direct metabolic pathway but also via an indirect pathway. 3-methylbutanal is a flavour compound that contributes to the sensory profile of various cheeses, often described as nutty, malty, or chocolate-like depending on its concentration and the cheese matrix. Although it is desired in certain cheese varieties, its acceptability varies among different cheese types. Among the various compounds responsible for this nutty scent, 3-methylbutanal plays a pivotal role. Certain strains of lactic acid bacteria are known to produce 3-methylbutanal from leucine, via both direct and indirect pathways. While it has commonly been assumed that the direct pathway is the primary mechanism, this study reports the discovery of Lactococcus cremoris AJ01, which produces 3-methylbutanal predominantly through an indirect pathway. We first investigated the effects of milk fermentation conditions on 3-methylbutanal and acid production by strain AJ01. The effect of leucine supplementation on 3-methylbutanal production was then examined. Finally, we explored the metabolic pathway responsible for 3-methylbutanal synthesis in this strain, determined the nucleotide sequence of the pyruvate dehydrogenase gene involved in the indirect pathway, and evaluated its enzyme activity to assess its contribution to production. When cultured in milk at 20 °C, strain AJ01 produced titratable acidity at >0.6% and 3-methylbutanal at >6 mg/kg within 18 h. Adding leucine to the milk enhanced 3-methylbutanal production, while excessive leucine supplementation inhibited it. Strain AJ01 exhibited activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase, while no activity of α-keto acid decarboxylase, the direct-pathway enzyme, was detected, suggesting that it produces 3-methylbutanal via the indirect pathway. These findings may contribute to the effective management and enhancement of flavour profiles in fermented dairy products, particularly cheeses.

Credit rating agencies (CRAs) are less likely and slower to downgrade firms with performance-sensitive debt (PSD) if these downgrades increase borrowing costs. This effect is stronger when CRAs rate their most profitable clients and is not driven by selection into PSD contracts, by borrowers adjusting their leverage, or by borrowers hiding information. Originating banks price the CRAs’ conflicts of interest and sell loans with more embedded conflicts more frequently. In contrast, secondary market participants do not price conflicts of interest to the same extent. The recent settlements between the major CRAs and the U.S. government do not prevent rating inflation.

To explore molecular targets for regulating glucose metabolism in carnivorous fish, the glucose tolerance test was carried out on the Paralichthys olivaceus. The concentration of glucose and insulin in serum was measured at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 24 and 48 h after intraperitoneal (IP) injection. The concentration of insulin was the lowest after 3 h of glucose injection, and that of glucose reached the highest after 5 h. Therefore, 0 h (IP0) was chosen as control group, and 3 h (IP3) and 5 h (IP5) were selected as experimental groups, for which the liver samples at three time points were used for high-throughput sequencing. Although there were no significant Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology functional enrichment, the differential genes, including mitogen-activated protein kinase binding protein 1, glycosyltransferase, suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 (SOCS3) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α, were closely related to glucose metabolism. The open reading frame of SOCS3 encoded 225 amino acids, including conserved domains SH2 and SOCS3-box. The SOCS3 was knocked down by specific siRNA in the primary hepatocyte of P. olivaceus. Results showed that the gene expression of insulin receptor substrate 1, protease B1, GLUT2, pyruvate kinase and glucokinase increased significantly after knocking down SOCS3. Meanwhile, the phosphatidylinositol-3-hydroxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase decreased significantly. The results of this study indicated that siSOSC3 enhanced the sensitivity of the insulin signalling pathway to promote glucose transport, thereby affecting gluconeogenesis and glycolysis to maintain glucose homeostasis.

A simple application of urn models is useful in spelling out the way in which, in abstraction, if the parents are distributed in Hardy-Weinberg form, that form is reproduced in offspring with nonrandom mating. A measure of divergence from random mating is proposed and illustrated by numerical examples. The scope of urn models of stochastic processes in population genetics theory is set out.