Infants of diabetic mothers are neonates born to a woman who had periodic hyperglycaemia during pregnancy. Consequently, infants of diabetic mothers are at higher risks of illness besides morbidity and mortality due to teratogenic effects on the fetal cardiovascular system, causing most frequent CHDs. The primary purpose of this review is to present, on this topic, a better-comprehended review covering pertinent material and data to be informed of severe risks to a newborn’s cardiac system and function. These conditions can affect maternal, fetal, neonatal, and future adult health. Further research should be addressed towards the early detection of diabetes, its magnitude, and management. Immediate interventions should be proposed to lessen the diabetes burden and its adversative effects during the prenatal period.

Morphological and molecular methods were used to describe a new species of Trapania Pruvot-Fol, 1931 from shallow water kelp forests on the north-central coast of Peru. The new species, Trapania huarmeyana sp. nov., is distinguished from other species along the Eastern Pacific by external morphological characters such as its translucent white body with brown stripes and small spots on the dorsum, blotches on the base of the extra-branchial processes, extra rhinophoral processes and gill branches. Internally, T. huarmeyana sp. nov. is distinguishable by several morphological characteristics of the radula, jaws and genital organs. Phylogenetic trees recovered using Bayesian Inference and Maximum Likelihood analysis of DNA sequences support its distinct status and clarify its relationship to other species from the Eastern Pacific. This new species constitutes the first record of Trapania from the Humboldt Current Ecosystem, contributing to our understanding of the distribution of the genus in the South-eastern Pacific.

We prove a result on equilibrium measures for potentials with summable variation on arbitrary subshifts over a countable amenable group. For finite configurations v and w, if v is always replaceable by w, we obtain a bound on the measure of v depending on the measure of w and a cocycle induced by the potential. We then use this result to show that under this replaceability condition, we can obtain bounds on the Lebesgue–Radon–Nikodym derivative $d (\mu _\phi \circ \xi ) / d\mu _\phi $ for certain holonomies $\xi $ that generate the homoclinic (Gibbs) relation. As corollaries, we obtain extensions of results by Meyerovitch [Gibbs and equilibrium measures for some families of subshifts. Ergod. Th. & Dynam. Sys. 33(3) (2013), 934–953], and García-Ramos and Pavlov [Extender sets and measures of maximal entropy for subshifts. J. Lond. Math. Soc. (2) 100(3) (2019), 1013–1033] to the countable amenable group subshift setting. Our methods rely on the exact tiling result for countable amenable groups by Downarowicz, Huczek, and Zhang [Tilings of amenable groups. J. Reine Angew. Math. 2019(747) (2019), 277–298] and an adapted proof technique from García-Ramos and Pavlov.

Although nudibranchs are common and attractive animals, our understanding of these marine gastropods in Vietnam remains limited. Prior research has suggested that combining morphological examination with molecular analysis results in more accurate identification of nudibranchs. However, previous studies in Vietnam have typically relied solely on morphological methods for nudibranch identification. In this study, the nudibranch species Halgerda batangas was recorded in Vietnam for the first time based on both morphological and molecular approaches. Halgerda batangas was characterized by a network pattern consisting of orange lines, relatively low dorsal tubercles with red-orange caps and white basal rings, and an orange line along the foot margin. Molecular analysis corroborated the morphological findings. These results suggest that integrating morphological and molecular methods is an effective approach for identifying nudibranchs.

This article describes Hilbert spaces contractively contained in certain reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces of analytic functions on the open unit disc which are nearly invariant under division by an inner function. We extend Hitt’s theorem on nearly invariant subspaces of the backward shift operator on $H^2(\mathbb {D})$ as well as its many generalizations to the setting of de Branges spaces.

Isolated native pulmonary valve endocarditis is rare. We present a rare case of isolated native pulmonary valve endocarditis resulting in severe right ventricular outflow tract obstruction in an immunocompetent patient with surgically repaired ventricular septal defect caused by Burkholderia cepacia.

Let $\Gamma $ be a finitely generated group of matrices over $\mathbb {C}$. We construct an isometric action of $\Gamma $ on a complete $\mathrm {CAT}(0)$ space such that the restriction of this action to any subgroup of $\Gamma $ containing no nontrivial unipotent elements is well behaved. As an application, we show that if M is a graph manifold that does not admit a nonpositively curved Riemannian metric, then any finite-dimensional $\mathbb {C}$-linear representation of $\pi _1(M)$ maps a nontrivial element of $\pi _1(M)$ to a unipotent matrix. In particular, the fundamental groups of such 3-manifolds do not admit any faithful finite-dimensional unitary representations.

The yellownose skate (Dipturus chilensis) and roughskin skate (Dipturus trachyderma) are the only two elasmobranch species targeted by commercial fishing operations in Chile. Despite their importance, much of their biology and ecology remain poorly understood. This research aimed to evaluate the feasibility of tagging these species. In 2021, a pilot study was conducted at two locations, utilizing Petersen discs, acoustic transmitters, and pop-up satellite transmitters on both species. The results revealed a 6% recovery rate from the 50 skates tagged with Petersen discs, while 29.4% of those tagged with acoustic transmitters were successfully detected. Additionally, data from all ten satellite transmitters were successfully transmitted and recovered. The results revealed a maximum horizontal movement of 35.9 km, with the duration of liberty ranging from 8 to 275 days. Stocks of both species are currently depleted, and fishery management relies on closures and total allowable catches, where fishing effort is concentrated in short spatial and temporal windows. These particularities present significant challenges for implementing a national tagging programme, especially in terms of tag recovery. The main conclusion of this research is that the implementation of a tagging programme for both species is feasible. Satellite tagging provides the best results, but its higher implementation cost and limitations in use for relatively small skates could be mitigated by combining it with Petersen discs. Establishing a long-term tagging programme is essential for enhancing the understanding of distribution and migration patterns, which is crucial for enhancing conservation and management efforts for these skates in Chile.

Women have long been underrepresented in American politics. This is evidenced by women being less likely to run for and hold elected office. Existing scholarship largely focuses on explaining why women are less politically ambitious than their male counterparts but pays less attention to why some women do run for office. To this end, I focus on the potential role of labor union membership. I argue that labor unions can foster political ambition and increase ordinary people’s likelihood of running for office. I test this among women in the American mass public, primarily with survey data from the 2010–22 Cooperative Election Study (CES). Overall, I find that labor union membership is significantly associated with women’s likelihood of running for office. I also find that this robust relationship is unlikely to be driven by self-selection or omitted variable biases. Overall, these findings help us to better understand the sources of political ambition, illustrate a viable potential pathway to boost women’s likelihood of seeking elected office, and underscore the political consequences of organized labor.

This article evaluates short-time work (STW) schemes, known as temporary labour adjustment plans in Spain, from a comparative perspective. The use of STW schemes in the European Union during the COVID pandemic contained the redundancy processes that traditionally occur during adjustments to economic crises. These programmes not only made it possible to maintain employment but also allowed for a much faster economic recovery. The main contribution of this article is that it studies the functioning and results of this type of action in Spain and also considers the effects in other countries. This policy watch exercise also points to some recommendations for improving the functioning of STW schemes.

This article is a response to Shieh from Travis.

This article tracks the buildup of the South Carolina criminal legal system between 1867 and 1899 through three eras of its state penitentiary: from the politics of reform to convict leasing to the prison plantation. To track the delayed emergence and unusual trajectory of South Carolina’s criminal legal system, I argue that two approaches became entangled after the Civil War: On the one hand, a modern, nationalized politics of reform, and on the other, a decidedly Southern vision of crime and punishment haunted by the afterlife of slavery. It was the tension between—and variegated blending of—these two approaches that yielded a hybrid carceral project and set the trajectory for the state’s criminal legal system as it entered the twentieth century.

Students of comparative law have long argued that undermining judicial independence is electorally costly, and that the norms against interference uphold institutional checks and balances essential to constitutionalism. However, evidence from countries with robust judiciaries suggests that exposing voters to deficiencies in the legal process or the courts’ partisan leanings can reduce perceptions of judicial legitimacy, making such interference on part of would-be authoritarians more likely. The rise of populist politicians poses additional risks: by emphasizing judges’ unelected status and counter-majoritarian tendencies, populists may erode legitimacy, framing judges as part of a “corrupt elite” opposing “the people.” This rhetoric challenges liberal-democratic norms that limit state interference with individual rights. To test whether one observes the effects of partisanship and procedural fairness on voters’ perceptions of the courts outside the US context, and whether populist messages produce comparable effects, a pre-registered survey experiment is conducted in the context of Czechia, a country that, until recently, has had both a populist executive and a strong and independent Constitutional Court. The study presented respondents with vignettes describing an important electoral ruling of the Czech Constitutional Court, embedding messages that highlighted judges’ unelected status, the ruling’s procedural irregularities, or its partisan implications. Contrary to expectations, findings show no significant effects of any message type on perceptions of judicial legitimacy. The results of the study suggest that the marginalization of robust judiciaries in backsliding democracies may be a largely elite-driven institutional process, with uncertain electoral payoffs.

In her groundbreaking paper “Having too much” Ingrid Robeyns introduces the principle of “limitarianism,” arguing that it is morally impermissible to have more resources than needed for leading a maximally flourishing life. This paper focuses on one component of limitarian theory, namely the nature of the riches threshold, and critiques Robeyns’ absolute threshold, that limits wealth above what is needed for satiating human flourishing. The paper then suggests an alternative, relative threshold for determining excessive wealth, and also argues that limitarianism is best understood as a set of wealth-limiting principles, each with its own threshold, justifications, and conditions for operation.

Research on civil war termination typically classifies conflict outcomes into homogeneous categories. Civil wars are conventionally described as ending in ‘victory’ for one side, ‘negotiated settlement’, or ‘stalemate’. However, each of these common categories conceals a significant degree of unexplored variation. Not all peace processes are the same, nor should we assume equivalence between all ‘victory’ outcomes. Ignoring the variability in outcomes obscures our understanding of how civil wars actually end and can undermine efforts to examine how this may influence the sustainability of the ensuing peace. This article focuses on the concept of rebel victory and argues that it has been used to describe a wide range of civil war outcomes that share some features but that also differ along three dimensions: (i) the residual threat posed by the defeated regime; (ii) the role of external actors in enabling victory; and (iii) rebel fragmentation. The article describes these dimensions and the influence that they can exert on the likelihood of continued political instability in the aftermath of rebel victories. The examples of rebel victories in the Central African Republic (2003 and 2012) are used to demonstrate the analytical utility of this novel conceptualisation of rebel victory.