Whether bilingualism confers non-linguistic cognitive advantages continues to generate both interest and debate in the psychological sciences. In response to mixed reports and methodological critiques, researchers have embraced more rigorous practices when investigating bilingual effects, including those in the domain of cognitive control. Despite considerable advances, one significant issue persists: the assumption that task performance remains stable over time. To address this, the present study investigated the relationship between bilingual language experience and Simon task performance modeled as a continuous function of time. In a sample of Mandarin-English bilingual young adults, we identified distinct patterns of results across both conventional and time-sensitive performance trajectory measures with each supporting a different relationship between language experience and cognitive control. Results suggest that reliance on conventional performance measures may be partially responsible for mixed results, necessitating reevaluation of how bilingual effects on cognitive control manifest and which analysis methods best support their identification.

While empathy is often seen as a resilience factor, emotional resonance with others’ suffering may increase psychological vulnerability during mass trauma exposure, particularly in youth. Since the role of early empathy as a prospective risk factor remains understudied, we used a decade-long longitudinal design to examine whether empathic reactions in childhood predicted early adolescents’ internalizing (depression and anxiety) symptoms following the October 7th attack and the Israel–Hamas war. Empathic distress was assessed at age 1.5 years and age 3 years through observational tasks. Emotional empathy and internalizing symptoms were self-reported at age 11 years, before the war, and reported again after its outbreak. Findings showed substantial internalizing symptoms during the war, with 31% of participants exceeding the clinical cutoff for anxiety and 23% for depression. Non of the empathy measures predicted internalizing symptoms before the war. However, during the war, empathic distress at age 1.5 and emotional empathy at age 11 predicted internalizing symptoms, controlling for negative emotionality and prior internalizing symptoms. Path analysis also linked empathic distress at age 3 to internalizing symptoms during war. Findings suggest that early empathic reactions may increase vulnerability to internalizing symptoms during mass trauma but not in non-traumatic contexts, aligning with a diathesis-stress model. Understanding empathy’s role in risk and resilience can inform interventions for youth exposed to war.

Fiber-coupled laser pumps with low size, weight and power consumption (SWaP) have become more and more compelling for applications in both industrial and defense applications. This study presents an innovative approach employing the spectral beam combining technique and double-junction laser diode chips to create efficient, high-power, high-brightness fiber-coupled packages. We successfully demonstrated a wavelength-stabilized pump module capable of delivering over 560 W of ex-fiber power with an electro-optical conversion efficiency of 55% from a 135 μm diameter, 0.22 numerical aperture fiber. The specific mass and volume metrics achieved are 0.34 $\mathrm{kg}/\mathrm{kW}$ and 0.23 ${\mathrm{cm}}^3/\mathrm{W}$, respectively. The module exhibits a stabilized spectrum with a 3.6 nm consistent interval of two spectral peaks and a 4.2 nm full width at half maximum across a wide range of operating currents.

We lay down the foundations of the Eigenvalue Method in coding theory. The method uses modern algebraic graph theory to derive upper bounds on the size of error-correcting codes for various metrics, addressing major open questions in the field. We identify the core assumptions that allow applying the Eigenvalue Method, test it for multiple well-known classes of error-correcting codes, and compare the results with the best bounds currently available. By applying the Eigenvalue Method, we obtain new bounds on the size of error-correcting codes that often improve the state of the art. Our results show that spectral graph theory techniques capture structural properties of error-correcting codes that are missed by classical coding theory approaches.

The concept of beneficial ownership is extensively used in domestic tax legislation, but several decades of inconsistent case law have muddied the waters as to exactly what it means. With the leading cases stopping short of the apex court, it is difficult to reconcile the cases and come up with a clear definition of beneficial ownership. The recent Hargreaves1 decision by Falk LJ (with whom Nugee and Peter Jackson LJJ agreed) represents the most structured judicial attempt to rationalise the concept to date. This note suggests that, contrary to Falk LJ’s statement that the concept is ‘well established’,2 the law pre-Hargreaves was far from clear. This situation has since been greatly improved through the efforts of Falk LJ, though further questions remain for future judicial clarification.

An adolescent girl with a long-standing history of pulmonary arterial hypertension experienced severe clinical decompensation after starting to use e-cigarettes. A combination of e-cigarette cessation, atrial septostomy, increasing treprostinil, and initiation of sotatercept led to clinical improvement. Her new baseline was improved over her pre-e-cigarette baseline.

Palmer amaranth and waterhemp are troublesome weeds in U.S. corn, soybean, and cotton production systems. Rapid evolution of resistance to herbicide from multiple sites of action in these species warrant alternate weed control options. Metribuzin applied preemergence can provide effective control of herbicide-resistant Amaranthus species. However, despite its decades of efficacy, many growers remain unaware of its weed control potential or are hesitant to use it due to concerns over crop injury. Field experiments were conducted in 2022 and 2023 in 15 states across the United States to investigate residual control of Palmer amaranth and waterhemp with metribuzin applied preemergence to soybean. Sites had either herbicide-resistant Palmer amaranth or waterhemp as the dominant weed species. Seventeen preemergence treatments were evaluated, including 13 doses of metribuzin (210 to 841 g ai ha-1), a dose of sulfentrazone (420 g ai ha-1), and a dose of S-metolachlor (1,790 g ai ha-1), along with nontreated and a weed-free control plots. Weed control and soybean injury were visually assessed and recorded at 14, 28, and 42 d after application (DAA) of preemergence herbicides. Additionally, weed density, weed biomass, and soybean height were recorded 28 DAA followed by a measure of soybean yield at maturity. Weed control was analyzed as a function of metribuzin dose and environmental factors using a generalized additive model. Crop injury of not more than 5% was predicted even with 841 g ai ha-1 of metribuzin. Metribuzin at 630 g ai ha-1 was more effective than sulfentrazone in delaying weed emergence and reducing weed density, while 315 g ai ha-1 of metribuzin outperformed S-metolachlor in both metrics. Metribuzin doses of 578 to 841 g ai ha-1 provided greater than 95%, 90%, and 80% weed control, respectively, at 14, 28, and 42 DAA. Higher metribuzin doses of 578 to 841 g ai ha-1could be safely to effectively control herbicide-resistant Amaranthus weeds.

The erosion of coastal archaeological sites is a worldwide heritage crisis. However, regional variability in the archaeological record and the natural environment necessitates localized consideration of the erosion of archaeological sites to facilitate informed research prioritization decisions about coastal cultural resources. In this article, we present and compare the results of recent coastal survey programs from southern Nova Scotia and far northeastern Maine to earlier ones to ascertain the extent of erosion since the mid-twentieth century. We then situate regional erosion in culture-historical terms via a case study from archaeological sites at Sipp Bay, Maine, from which materials were collected and tested in the early to mid-twentieth century. We compare the results of that work to our recent excavations. Finally, we model future sea-level rise scenarios to estimate future site destruction and compare these models between regions. Together, these data illustrate patterns in site preservation for geoarchaeological examination, provide insight into erosion-driven biases in the extant archaeological record, and offer information to guide research prioritization.

In a pioneering effort, this research presents a distinctive transformation of the Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF) logo into an RFID tag antenna using characteristic mode analysis (CMA), which resonates at the entire ultra-high frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification (RFID) band for IoT applications. The logo of GCUF is simulated in a computer simulation technology (CST) microwave studio to execute its four characteristic modes at 900 MHz. With the implementation of minor changes in the GCUF logo, optimal conjugate impedance matching with the RFID chip has been achieved. The impedance, reflection coefficient, and far-field pattern are examined through CST. The logo tag antenna is fabricated using a Rexin substrate (artificial leather) coated with conductive paint and a passive UHF RFID Alien Higgs H3 chip attached to the logo for impedance matching. The proposed design has been simulated with a human body model. The read range of the fabricated prototype is tested on different objects, like a notebook, T-shirt, and bag. The measured read range demonstrates the robustness of the proposed logo design across various distances: 3 m for a notebook and bag, and 2 m for a T-shirt, with RSSI values of −61 dB, −59 dB, and −62 dB, respectively.

We present research from Visual World eye tracking to show that, contrary standard assumptions in the formal semantics literature, the English past tense does not reliably trigger entailments of completion on accomplishments in neutral contexts. We contrast it with the perfect construction in English (both present and past tense versions) which does reliably draw attention to the result state; furthermore, we tested the simple past in more narrative contexts (using adverbial clauses to create a narrative sequence) and found that this did not induce a stronger resultative interpretation. We discuss the formal proposals for analysis of these tense/aspect forms in the language, and the consequences this new data has for theories of the tense/aspect system of English.

Assessing the long-term impact of community-engaged research (CEnR) programs remains a significant challenge in translational science, such as those conducted by Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSAs). The Translational Science Benefits Model (TSBM) is a framework designed to evaluate impact across four health and social domains (clinical/medical, community, economic, and political/legislative). TSBM offers a comprehensive framework for evaluating CEnR projects, as it extends beyond short-term outcomes to highlight distal impacts and sustainable benefits. Progress reports from three Cincinnati CTSA CEnR programs (Community Leaders Institute [CLI; n = 170], Community Health Grant [CHG; n = 82], and Partnership Development Grant [PDG; n = 21]) completed between 2010 and 2023 were coded by three reviewers using the TSBM. As expected, CEnR programs primarily demonstrated community & public health benefits. Economic, policy, and clinical benefits were also identified, further amplifying the impact of this work. The adoption of frameworks like the TSBM could lead to a more standardized approach for evaluating the impact of CEnR programs and facilitate comparisons across CTSAs. Future studies that track the impact of CEnR programs on health and social systems could provide valuable insights into the long-term benefits of these initiatives.

Ageing is often framed through the lens of independence, with a strong emphasis on not burdening younger family members. Little attention, however, has been given to how this framing reflects and reinforces age inequality by devaluing older adults relative to younger ones. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with 43 Italians aged 65 and older, conducted in 2018/2019 and 2022, we identify an orientation we term ‘altruistic ageing’ – a perspective that centres younger people’s needs by expecting older adults to adopt a selfless concern for others’ wellbeing. This orientation emerged in participants’ definitions of burden, which centred on receiving long-term or intensive assistance or co-residing with younger family members. These definitions reflected a privileging of younger adults’ time, personal freedom, social relationships and commitment to paid work. Altruistic ageing had consequences: It encouraged healthy behaviours but also narrowed acceptable long-term care options and constrained definitions of a ‘good death’. By unpacking the framing of older adults as burdens, our study reveals how age inequality operates through a culturally sanctioned ideal that morally justifies prioritizing the young over the old.

Learners completing writing tasks in pairs or small groups engage in peer interaction, operationalized as language-related episodes (LREs), which seem to facilitate second or foreign language (L2) acquisition. Multiple studies have shown that the patterns of interaction learners form during collaborative language tasks affect the frequency, nature, and outcome of LREs, as well as the quality of the written texts. However, most findings come from studies involving young and adult learners of English as a foreign or a second language (EFL/ESL), whereas research with adolescent EFL learners (aged 13–15) remains scarce. Given the widespread presence of L2 instruction in compulsory education and adolescents’ unique developmental traits, further research is crucial. This study addresses this gap by examining the patterns of interaction, the number, type, and outcome of LREs, and the written texts produced by 60 adolescent EFL learners (aged 13–14) completing a writing task in pairs. Results showed that adolescent learners formed predominantly collaborative patterns of interaction, followed by expert/novice, dominant/dominant, and dominant/passive. Additionally, the pairs with collaborative orientation produced and correctly resolved more LREs and created higher quality texts, measured through global evaluation rubrics. These findings underscore the importance of fostering collaborative pair work in L2 classrooms to enhance peer interaction, LREs, and writing quality.

The objective of this study is to analyze the debate surrounding the transformation of the Bank of Brazil into a central bank in 1923. The article seeks to answer the question: What was the role of a central bank for Brazilian policymakers at that time? Unlike other Latin American countries that established their central banks during this period, Brazil’s institution was not the result of any foreign mission. While central banks in other countries were primarily concerned with maintaining the gold standard, in Brazil, the main impetus for establishing a central bank was the need to address cash shortages and expand credit, rather than focusing on monetary discipline. Advocates for the creation of a central bank in Brazil were inspired by the model of Germany’s Reichsbank, and part of their theoretical influence came from the German Historical School. Other references cited in the debates included the works of Keynes and Cassel, and the participants of the debate made parallels with other sciences, such as comparing the central bank to elements of mechanical physics. Beyond controlling the money supply, the central bank was seen as an element for the economic development of the country, and there was an emphasis on the bank’s private management.