Friluftsliv is a Scandinavian concept that emphasises a deep connection with nature through outdoor activities. This study examines its transformative role in fostering physical literacy and environmental ethics among international students. The University of South-East Norway offers a year-long programme that integrates theoretical coursework with outdoor experiential learning, including multi-day expeditions, exemplifying embodied pedagogy. Students were observed for one week, and at its conclusion participated in creative focus groups where they discussed and illustrated their most memorable experiences. The winter expedition emerged as a clear highlight. Analysis of interviews and artwork revealed that the teaching methods used enhanced students’ skills, knowledge, social connections, and motivation to engage with nature, thus reinforcing the four pillars of physical literacy. It also fostered a significant emotional transformation. While students initially approached nature from an anthropocentric perspective, the challenges of the winter trip, in particular, helped most of them to shift their outlook towards a more ecocentric view by deepening their connection with the natural environment. This study highlights the powerful role that experiential outdoor education can play in cultivating both physical literacy and environmental stewardship.

This article explores the utility of content-embedded working memory capacity (WMC) tasks for advancing second language (L2) research. While both complex span and content-embedded tasks implement a dual-task paradigm that requires processing and maintenance of information, they differ in that the former demand maintenance of extraneous memory elements during processing, while the latter demand processing and maintenance of the same elements. Since manipulating information stored in working memory is critical for L2 processing and development, particularly in intentional learning contexts, content-embedded tasks may serve as strong predictors of several linguistic outcomes. We report preliminary evidence suggesting that both content-embedded tasks (available in IRIS [https://www.iris-database.org/details/iv6nR-HD9NQ]) and complex span tasks can be significant predictors of explicit L2 aptitude and L2 reading comprehension, but that content-embedded tasks can show advantages over complex span tasks in some instances. We discuss methodological implications for the measurement of WMC in L2 research.

Economic uncertainties have become the focus of many recent fertility studies. Embedded in and shaping people’s forecasts of the future, economic uncertainties refer to the lack of predictability and stability in the economic conditions, such as employment status and labour market situations. It is believed that economic uncertainties can impact fertility outcomes and the timing of family transitions through people’s perceptions of varying futures, but much is unexplored in Asian countries, particularly when an economic downturn has been observed and is underway recently. This study’s objective was to examine the perceptions of economic uncertainties among young people in China and the influence these had on the value attached to the experience of having children. For this, a national sample of young individuals aged 17 to 33 was recruited online through the Credamo platform. Demographic and individual economic factors were controlled, and multinomial logistic regression was used to analyse the association between economic uncertainties and young people’s views on having children. The study found a clear association between economic uncertainties and the necessity and planning for having children. More optimistic expectations for the future economy and labour market were associated with higher likelihood of approving of the necessity of childbearing and childrearing, as well as higher fertility intention. The findings also highlighted associations of other demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, such as sex, marital status, and house ownership. The respondents’ expectations of an uncertain future shaped their decisions regarding life events, including future fertility. Thus, assisting young people in gaining a sense of security in the face of social uncertainty is critical in future government policy plans if a fertility rebound in China is to be achieved.

Unanchored population-adjusted indirect comparisons (PAICs) such as matching-adjusted indirect comparison (MAIC) and simulated treatment comparison (STC) attracted a significant attention in the health technology assessment field in recent years. These methods allow for indirect comparisons by balancing different patient characteristics in single-arm studies in the case where individual patient-level data are only available for one study. However, the validity of findings from unanchored MAIC/STC analyses is frequently questioned by decision makers, due to the assumption that all potential prognostic factors and effect modifiers are accounted for. Addressing this critical concern, we introduce a sensitivity analysis algorithm for unanchored PAICs by extending quantitative bias analysis techniques traditionally used in epidemiology. Our proposed sensitivity analysis involves simulating important covariates that were not reported by the comparator study when conducting unanchored STC and enables the formal evaluating of the impact of unmeasured confounding in a quantitative manner without additional assumptions. We demonstrate the practical application of this method through a real-world case study of metastatic colorectal cancer, highlighting its utility in enhancing the robustness and credibility of unanchored PAIC results. Our findings emphasise the necessity of formal quantitative sensitivity analysis in interpreting unanchored PAIC results, as it quantifies the robustness of conclusions regarding potential unmeasured confounders and supports more robust, reliable, and informative decision-making in healthcare.

An analysis of the divertor designs for the Infinity Two fusion pilot plant (FPP) baseline plasma design is presented. The divertor uses an $m=5$, $n=4$ magnetic island chain, where m is the poloidal number and n is the toroidal number. Two divertor designs are presented. A classical divertor that is similar to the Wendelstein 7-X island divertor is analyzed using diffusive field-line following and the fluid code EMC3-Lite. For a baseline $800\text{ MW}$ operating point in Infinity Two, the conditions where the heat flux on the divertor plate remains in the acceptable region are analyzed. In addition a related, but different and novel large island backside divertor (LIBD) design is shown. The LIBD promises improved neutral pumping by closing the divertor through the use of baffling and with a structure inside the island, thus preventing neutralized plasma particles from reente ring the plasma.

In this study, we introduce multiple zeta functions with structures similar to those of symmetric functions such as the Schur P-, Schur Q-, symplectic and orthogonal functions in representation theory. Their basic properties, such as the domain of absolute convergence, are first considered. Then, by restricting ourselves to the truncated multiple zeta functions, we derive the Pfaffian expression of the Schur Q-multiple zeta functions, the sum formula for Schur P- and Schur Q-multiple zeta functions, the determinant expressions of symplectic and orthogonal Schur multiple zeta functions by making an assumption on variables. Finally, we generalize those to the quasi-symmetric functions.

The aim of this article is to analyse the Italian Nuova Destra. The first part examines the birth of the Nuova Destra within the current of the Movimento Sociale Italiano (MSI), referring particularly to Pino Rauti, a founder and leader. Following the experience of the magazine La Voce della Fogna and the Hobbit Camps, the first publishing initiatives of the Nuova Destra – Diorama letterario and Elementi, influenced by Alain de Benoist and the French Nouvelle Droite – were established. The second part analyses the path of the Nuova Destra as an autonomous cultural current. After Marco Tarchi’s expulsion from the MSI in 1981, the Nuova Destra launched an aggressive publishing strategy that failed to make the necessary organisational leap and came to an end around 1994. Nevertheless, the Nuova Destra has created a recognisable current, culturally eclectic and capable of ranging over different fields of knowledge with ‘metapolitics’ and ‘right-wing Gramscism’.

We prove that there exists a left-c.e. Polish space not homeomorphic to any right-c.e. space. Combined with some other recent works (to be cited), this finishes the task of comparing all classical notions of effective presentability of Polish spaces that frequently occur in the literature up to homeomorphism.

We employ our techniques to provide a new, relatively straightforward construction of a computable Polish space K not homeomorphic to any computably compact space. We also show that the Banach space $C(K;\mathbb {R})$ has a computable Banach copy; this gives a negative answer to a question raised by McNicholl.

We also give an example of a space that has both a left-c.e. and a right-c.e. presentation, yet it is not homeomorphic to any computable Polish space. In addition, we provide an example of a $\Delta ^0_2$ Polish space that lacks both a left-c.e. and a right-c.e. copy, up to homeomorphism.

This paper answers the question of how, according to Hegel, we can do philosophy of right. The first part of the paper deals with a critical dimension of Hegel’s understanding of the method of the philosophy of right. In the second part, it is shown that in the philosophy of right we consciously look at the present as forming a comprehensive context, as something that is resistant to mere thought and as something that is temporal. According to Hegel, what we consider in this way is concrete.

Challenging China’s official history since the establishment of the People’s Republic in 1949 is uncommon among Chinese theatre makers in the twenty-first century. Given the stringent rules that severely limit artistic expression, such attempts are rare and, aesthetically, noticeably obscure. Director Wang Chong (b. 1982) and his collective Théâtre du Rêve Expérimental nevertheless embark on an audacious journey of deconstructing and reassembling some of China’s most taboo historical moments in their productions The Warfare of Landmine 2.0 (Dileizhan 2.0, 2013) and Lu Xun (Da xiansheng, 2016). Wang’s critical reconfiguration of deliberately forgotten violent events from the Maoist and post-Maoist eras is articulated onstage through the intermediation of far more visible and “stage-safe” historical moments that predate Maoist China. While obscuring the direct messages of the performances, Wang’s cunning technique of contesting Beijing’s memory of politically sensitive events manages to unearth “hidden” violent moments of which many Chinese youth today may be completely oblivious.

With the increasing volume of scientific literature, there is a need to streamline the screening process for titles and abstracts in systematic reviews, reduce the workload for reviewers, and minimize errors. This study validated artificial intelligence (AI) tools, specifically Llama 3 70B via Groq’s application programming interface (API) and ChatGPT-4o mini via OpenAI’s API, for automating this process in biomedical research. It compared these AI tools with human reviewers using 1,081 articles after duplicate removal. Each AI model was tested in three configurations to assess sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and likelihood ratios. The Llama 3 model’s LLA_2 configuration achieved 77.5% sensitivity and 91.4% specificity, with 90.2% accuracy, a positive predictive value (PPV) of 44.3%, and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 97.9%. The ChatGPT-4o mini model’s CHAT_2 configuration showed 56.2% sensitivity, 95.1% specificity, 92.0% accuracy, a PPV of 50.6%, and an NPV of 96.1%. Both models demonstrated strong specificity, with CHAT_2 having higher overall accuracy. Despite these promising results, manual validation remains necessary to address false positives and negatives, ensuring that no important studies are overlooked. This study suggests that AI can significantly enhance efficiency and accuracy in systematic reviews, potentially revolutionizing not only biomedical research but also other fields requiring extensive literature reviews.

Body mass is an important facet of reconstructing the paleobiology of fossil species and has, historically, been estimated from individual skeletal measurements. This paper demonstrates the potential advantages of estimating body mass using 3D geometric morphometrics on limb bones, which allows size to be explicitly contextualized within the functional morphology of the animal. Geometric morphometrics of the humerus and femur is used to estimate body mass in domestic dogs and wild canids, and the resulting estimates are compared with estimates made using limb bone dimensions and centroid size. In both groups, 3D methods produced more accurate estimates of body mass than linear dimensions. Additionally, centroid size was a poor predictor of body mass and should not be preferred over linear measurements. The use of 3D methods also reveals specific aspects of shape that are associated with different sizes. In general, relatively heavier individuals were associated with more robust bones and wider articulation sites, as well as larger attachment sites for muscles related to flexion and extension of the shoulder and hip joints. The body-mass equations constructed based on dogs were further evaluated on wild canids, as a test of their potential efficacy on fossil canids. With some adjustments, the body-mass estimation equations made for domestic dogs were able to reliably predict the mass of wild canids. These equations were then used to estimate body mass for a selection of fossil canids: Canis latrans, 16 kg; Aenocyon dirus, 67 kg; Phlaocyon multicuspus, 8 kg; and Hesperocyon gregarius, 2.5 kg.