This article reviews the history and current evidence of systematic pharmaceutical industry corruption. It draws on studies by the OECD on international corruption; reports of the Securities and Exchange Commission; studies of the Public Citizen health Research Group of settlement agreements between federal and state authorities and pharmaceutical firm; the history of the Medicare and Medicaid Anti-Kickback Act; professional and industry codes of ethics; the literature on institutional corruption; and studies of conflicts of interest. These sources support findings of systemic corruption since the mid-20th century. The paper also explores the relationship between classic corruption, institutional corruption and conflicts of interest in medicine and pharmaceutical policy.

This article reexamines the Harlem Renaissance by emphasizing Florida’s crucial yet often overlooked contribution to its development. Focusing on influential figures like Zora Neale Hurston, James Weldon Johnson, and Augusta Savage—whose lives and work exemplify Florida’s impact—the study explores how Florida’s Black communities served as both catalysts and sustainers of the movement’s creative and cultural legacy. Using a multidisciplinary approach that combines archival research, visual art analysis, and regional cultural history, the narrative demonstrates that Florida was more than a peripheral region; it was a vibrant hub for artistic innovation and intellectual exchange. Through the recounting of two curated exhibits, the authors highlight Florida’s rich cultural landscape by showcasing artworks, manuscripts, and oral histories that emphasize regional storytelling’s influence on national and global Black cultural movements. By tracing migration patterns, community resilience, and artistic networks, this work reveals how Florida’s Black towns fostered resilience amid systemic oppression, producing key figures who shaped Harlem’s legacy while cultivating a distinctive regional identity. This investigation underscores the importance of reclaiming regional histories to deepen the broader story of Black art and culture. It also highlights implications for contemporary efforts in cultural preservation, community empowerment, and representation. Ultimately, this article affirms Florida’s integral role in the ongoing narrative of Black cultural renaissance and innovation.

The blockchain economics literature often models consensus participants as anonymous, interchangeable agents operating without institutional context. This paper argues that this ‘permissionless’ assumption describes open admission but abstracts from governance over rule change. Once governance is restored, mutable blockchain systems face a standard commitment problem: rule-changing coalitions may revise protocol rules after participants make chain-specific investments. The paper develops this claim through a comparative-institutional analysis of eight public blockchain systems and two illustrative cases: the BTC Core governance episode and the Ethereum DAO intervention. TCP/IP provides the institutional comparator: technical systems can evolve extensively while preserving base-layer semantic fixedness. Once governance is included, blockchain security is constrained not only by consensus costs but also by institutional commitment conditions: base-layer fixedness, coalition concentration, coordination thresholds, and identity-linked accountability.

On 31 August 2024, tickets for the Oasis reunion tour went on sale. The outcome was predictable. Prospective purchasers waited online for hours to buy tickets, many were disappointed. Tickets soon appeared on secondary sites at prices which greatly exceeded originally advertised prices. The resulting outcries fed into the new Government’s manifesto promise to ‘put fans back at the heart of events by introducing new consumer protections on ticket resales’. The best solutions to address the popular concerns are: (1) to improve the allocation of tickets in the primary market; and (2) add a greater degree of consumer protection to reduce information asymmetry in the primary market. The former reform requires no regulatory intervention. As a second-best solution I suggest rethinking regulation of the secondary market, as most of the current and proposed regulatory efforts in this market are either unworkable or exacerbate fan frustration. Regulatory interventions on basis of ‘fairness’ or ‘putting fans first’ exacerbate these market failures. The source of the problem is market failure in the primary market, and it is towards this that regulatory effort should be directed. Intervention in the form of secondary market price caps will undermine efforts to protect fans.

Weaning pigs have increased iron requirements due to rapid growth and increased red blood cell production. Traditionally, iron is supplemented using inorganic sources, such as ferrous sulfate. However, a form of iron, SQM® iron, offers better bioavailability and may have benefits for growth and gut health and reduce pathogenic bacteria. This study aimed to compare the effects of SQM® iron and ferrous sulfate on growth performance, gut health, and iron concentration in feces in nursery pigs. A total of 320 pigs weaned at 21 ± 2 days were assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial design by sanitation condition (clean or dirty) and iron source (SQM® iron or ferrous sulfate; 100 mg iron/kg diet). Results showed that pigs fed SQM® iron had greater BW on day 14 and day 28 than those fed ferrous sulfate (P < 0.05), while pigs raised under clean sanitary conditions had greater BW on day 28 than those raised under dirty conditions (P < 0.001). SQM® iron also improved average daily gain during the first 14 days and increased average daily feed intake throughout the 28-day period (P < 0.05). Additionally, pigs fed SQM® iron had higher fecal iron levels on day 21 and improved fecal scores by day 27 (P < 0.05). Under dirty conditions, SQM® iron reduced gut microbiota alpha diversity compared with ferrous sulfate under clean conditions (P < 0.05). However, this decrease in diversity did not indicate dysbiosis, as there were no significant changes in pathogenic and commensal bacteria. In conclusion, SQM® iron led to improved growth performance and fecal score in weaning pigs. While it reduced gut microbiota diversity under dirty conditions, this did not negatively affect the pigs’ gut health, suggesting that SQM® iron could be a promising alternative to traditional iron sources in pig diets.

Technological leaps in the algorithmic processing of information are providing financial actors with new opportunities for transnational financial and legal management that optimize asset allocation. Global professional service firms are actively developing TaxTech to capture this market. How will this transformation change relationships between suppliers, clients, and regulators? A key development is a move away from deliberate opacity for secrecy purposes into systems that search for the optimal exploitation of legal affordances. This signals a transformation of the assumed information asymmetries between suppliers, clients, and regulators that sits at the heart of the Global Wealth Chains framework. It empowers owners of data and code. Here we reflect on this transformation, considering three examples of how algorithmic technologies are being used for international tax purposes: blockchains for instant trade verification; generative AI for automation of tax compliance; and algorithmic scenario planning for tax avoidance. These examples show an important shift in the governance of wealth chains – the creation of new forms of infrastructural power through which algorithmic models may become central nodes in tax governance.

This work presents a nonlinear system identification framework for modeling the power extraction dynamics of wind turbines, including both freestream and waked conditions. The approach models turbine dynamics using data-driven power coefficient maps expressed as combinations of compact radial basis functions and polynomial bases, parameterized in terms of tip-speed ratio and upstream conditions. These surrogate models are embedded in a first-order dynamic system suitable for model-based control. Experimental validation is carried out in two wind tunnel configurations: a low-turbulence tandem setup and a high-turbulence wind farm scenario. In the tandem case, the identified model is integrated into an adapted $ K{\omega}^2 $ controller, resulting in improved tip-speed ratio tracking and power stability compared to steady-state models, while also outperforming the BEM-based model in the present low Reynolds number setting, where aerodynamic predictions are more uncertain. In the wind farm scenario, the model captures the statistical behavior of the turbines despite unresolved turbulence. The proposed method enables interpretable, adaptive control across a range of operating conditions without relying on black-box learning strategies.

In an era characterised by a rise in cross-border litigation, India’s stance on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments (REFJ) reveals a complex contradiction. Although India’s REFJ regime appears to advocate a pro-enforcement stance, the inclusion of révision au fond – the practice of assessing foreign judgments based on their substantive merits – introduces considerable tension in the realm of cross-border dispute resolution. This paper explores the implications of India’s commitment to conducting merits review as a self-imposed obstacle to fostering international judicial collaboration. This paper elucidates how this practice not only complicates the enforcement of foreign judgments within India but also hinders the recognition of Indian judgments abroad, especially in those countries that require reciprocity for such purposes such as Japan, South Korea, Germany and China. Through a comparative analysis of national laws and multilateral instruments, this paper illustrates how India’s statutory révision au fond requirement poses reciprocal challenges for the enforcement of Indian judgments abroad, advocating a critical re-evaluation of India’s REFJ framework to conform with emerging international judicial cooperation standards.

As well as adopting a new Pandemic Agreement in 2025, the “legal reaction” of the international community to the COVID-19 pandemic also included the adoption in 2024 of a substantial set of amendments to the World Health Organization’s International Health Regulations, which had already been practically overhauled in 2005 from the previous model. The process was set in motion by the United States and ran in parallel with the negotiation of the Pandemic Agreement, thus creating evident political complexities but also laying the foundations for a synergistic and complementary relationship. The amendments entered into force on September 19, 2025, but their universality and effectiveness are still a work in progress.

Was West Germany’s China policy economically driven, and since when? Amid growing concerns over value-based and systemic rivalry, recent scholarship has foregrounded the economic dimension of Germany’s China policy. This article argues that, although economic interests gained prominence in Sino–German relations by the late Cold War, they were fundamentally underpinned by strategic considerations. Focusing on the period from 1974 to 1990, it examines how China was integrated into Bonn’s strategic outlook prior to German unification, and how this strategic rationale gradually receded thereafter, giving way to the predominance of economic considerations. It also shows that West Germany, driven by optimistic expectations about China’s future, consciously downplayed ideological differences and value-based conflicts in bilateral relations. By the late 1980s, a symbiotic relationship had already formed between German firms and the Chinese market, rooted in long-term optimism and pragmatic engagement.

Amidst the pedagogical anxieties of the late Qing and Republican China, Tong Xiegeng’s yizhi puzzle (1862) emerged as a creative response to a rigid educational system that privileged rote memorization and dismissed play. This article argues that the puzzle and its accompanying books represent a sophisticated, bottom-up attempt to redefine traditional Chinese education by transforming the classical texts into an interactive, child-centered experience. Through an innovative 15-piece puzzle and a series of books, Tong created a multimodal “edutainment” ecosystem. The study highlights the puzzle’s core pedagogical method: a synergy of text and image (tuwen jiehe) that shifted the child from a passive recipient of memorized text into an active constructor of meaning. Learning was achieved through hands-on, embodied play, internalizing classical knowledge rather than merely reciting it. By challenging the traditional dismissal of play (xi wuyi), Tong’s work prefigured a modern, child-centered pedagogy and stands as a powerful example of private cultural synthesis as a form of educational reform.