Some of us recently discussed the problems existing in describing the channels that permit interventricular shunting. We offered suggestions for improvement, particularly when assessing the channel that is found when both arterial trunks arise from the morphologically right ventricle. Our proposals engendered significant debate, with several criticisms appearing in an editorial commentary. The commentator now accepts that not all of the criticisms were justified. In an attempt to seek further consensus, we have now joined with additional colleagues so as to clarify the aspects of our initial work that created potential confusion. Having reviewed the aspects producing the misconceptions, we again provide an overview of the evidence relevant to deficient ventricular septation now provided by knowledge of cardiac development. We show how remodelling of the primary interventricular communication involves the provision of an inlet for the developing right ventricle and an outlet for the developing right ventricle. During this process, the secondary interventricular foramen, which is a subaortic-left ventricular communication when the outflow tract remains supported exclusively by the right ventricle, becomes the outflow tract for the left ventricle, with a subaortic-right ventricular communication then being closed to complete ventricular septation. We show how knowledge of these processes, coupled with an appreciation of the mechanism of formation of the muscular ventricular septum and the separate formation of an embryonic muscular outlet septum, which with normal development becomes the subpulmonary infundibulum, provides the basis for understanding the various phenotypic lesions that permit interventricular shunting in the postnatal heart.

The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) ruled that health claims relating to botanical substances cannot be used in commercial advertising without prior authorisation, even during the prolonged suspension of the European Commission’s evaluation process. In Case C-386/23, Novel Nutriology, the Court clarified that Article 10(1) and (3) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 (Nutrition and Health Claims Regulation, NHCR) maintains its prohibition on unauthorised health claims regardless of administrative delays in the assessment process. The judgment provides guidance for food business operators marketing botanical products and highlights ongoing regulatory challenges in balancing consumer protection with commercial interests. This case note examines the Court’s reasoning, situates the decision within broader CJEU case law, and explores potential regulatory reforms to address the persistent impasse surrounding botanical health claims in European Union (EU) food law.

Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 December 2006 on nutrition and health claims made on foods, OJ L 404, 30.12.2006, pp. 9–25

The rapid development of AI has resulted in an unprecedented paradigm shift across various industries, with aerospace among the laureates of this transformation. This review paper attempts to explore and provide comprehensive overview of the aerospace research imperatives from the AI perspective, detailing the technical sides of the full lifecycle from vehicle design and operational optimisation to advanced air traffic management systems. By examining real-world engineering implementations, the review demonstrates how AI-driven solutions are directly addressing longstanding challenges in aerospace, such as optimising flight performance, reducing operational costs and improving system reliability. A significant emphasis is placed on the crucial roles of AI in health monitoring and predictive maintenance, areas that are pivotal for ensuring the safety and longevity of aerospace endeavors, and which are now increasingly adopted in industry for remaining useful life (RUL) forecasting and condition-based maintenance strategies. The paper also discusses AI embedded in quality control and inspection processes, where it boosts accuracy, efficiency and fault detection capability. The review provides insight into the state-of-the-art applications of AI in planetary exploration, particularly within the realms of autonomous scientific instrumentation and robotic prospecting, as well as surface operations on extraterrestrial bodies. An important case study is India’s Chandrayaan-3 mission, demonstrating the application of AI in both autonomous navigation and scientific exploration within the challenging environments of space. By furnishing an overview of the field, the paper frames the ever-important, increasing domains of AI as the forefront in the advancement of aerospace engineering and opens avenues for further discussion regarding the limitless possibilities at the juncture of intelligent systems and aerospace innovation.

Leviathan’s famous pronouncement that England had been ‘reduced to the Independency of the Primitive Christians’ has often been understood to signal support for the newly ascendant Cromwellian Independents in England. This article ventures an alternative reading of the passage by investigating the notion of ‘Independency’ with an eye to wider European political discourses. Scholars such as Francisco Suárez contended for the natural independence of temporal sovereigns while specifying the juridical rights and reach of imperial power. The fact that Christ and the Apostles had eschewed involvement in temporal affairs clarified this initial independency. This original state was especially important in French narratives aimed at securing autonomy against both empire and church. In light of this, Hobbes’s statement may be interpreted as endorsing a time-delimited notion of free conscience given England’s ruinous political state, but one looking forward to the unified rule of a sovereign with civil and ecclesiastical power.

Climate change will impact wind and, therefore, wind power generation with largely unknown effects and magnitude. Climate models can provide insight and should be used for long-term power planning. In this work, we use Gaussian processes to predict power output given wind speeds from a global climate model. We validate the aggregated predictions from past climate model data with actual power generation, which supports using CMIP6 climate model data for multi-decadal wind power predictions and highlights the importance of being location-aware. We find that wind power projections for the two in-between climate scenarios, SSP2–4.5 and SSP3–7.0, closely align with actual wind power generation between 2015 and 2023. Our location-aware future predictions up to 2050 reveal only minor changes in yearly wind power generation. Our analysis also reveals larger uncertainty associated with Germany’s coastal areas in the North than Germany’s South, motivating wind power expansion in regions where the future wind is likely more reliable. Overall, our results indicate that wind energy will likely remain a reliable energy source.

This article examines how Native Nations and institutions have been affected by a new directive in the revised NAGPRA regulations, the duty of care provision (43 CFR 10.1(d)), with a focus on the care of Indigenous Ancestral remains and cultural items. The Native Nation’s perspective is provided by the Osage Nation and the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians. The South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology; the University of Tennessee, Knoxville; the Illinois State Museum; and Indiana University share their viewpoints as institutions that house Indigenous Ancestral remains, cultural items, and archaeological collections and describe the initial impacts of the revised legislation on their programs. There are several key takeaways of its initial effects, including (1) an increased burden to Native Nations, given the substantial uptick in requests for consultation linked to new requirements for consent and the revised definitions of cultural items and research (although the end result of more consultations leading to repatriations is desired), (2) a disconnect between Native Nations and institutions regarding cultural item identification, (3) a strengthening of existing NAGPRA-related institutional policies and procedures, and (4) an emphasis on the importance of consultation between institutions and Native Nations to facilitate repatriation.

We seek to understand the factors that drive mortality in the contiguous United States using data that are indexed by county and year and grouped into 18 different age bins. We propose a model that adds two important contributions to existing mortality studies. First, we treat age as a random effect. This is an improvement over previous models because it allows the model in one age group to borrow information from other age groups. Second, we utilize Gaussian Processes to create nonlinear covariate effects for predictors such as unemployment rate, race, and education level. This allows for a more flexible relationship to be modeled between mortality and these predictors. Understanding that the United States is expansive and diverse, we allow for many of these effects to vary by location. The flexibility in how predictors relate to mortality has not been used in previous mortality studies and will result in a more accurate model and a more complete understanding of the factors that drive mortality. Both the multivariate nature of the model as well as the spatially varying non-linear predictors will advance the study of mortality and will allow us to better examine the relationships between the predictors and mortality.

The fly Heleomyza serrata (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Heleomyzidae) is reported to range widely throughout the United States of America and Canada. However, in Eurasia, this species is restricted to northern regions; in central and southern Europe, H. serrata is replaced by the similar species H. captiosa (Gorodkov), which can be distinguished from H. serrata by the male genitalia. We report H. captiosa from Kentucky, United States of America, the first Nearctic record of this species. The taxonomy of Nearctic Heleomyza Fallén is discussed, and we propose to transfer three species to the genus Scoliocentra Loew: Scoliocentra (Scoliocentra) bisetata (Garrett) comb. nov., S. (Leriola Gorodkov) latens (Aldrich) comb. nov., and S. (L.) nebulosa (Coquillett) comb. nov. We recognise Anypotacta Czerny as a subgenus of Heleomyza and transfer the two Nearctic species to that genus: H. (A.) aldrichi Garrett comb. nov. and H. (A.) gilli nom. nov. (new replacement name for Anypotacta czernyi Gill, 1962). Finally, we provide an updated key to Nearctic Heleomyza and morphologically similar species of Scoliocentra. Further study will be required to ascertain the range and abundance of H. captiosa in North America.

In this article we offer an editio princeps of a new inscription from the Cycladic island of Paros and discuss its implications for understanding Parian co-operation with Dionysiοs I of Syracuse in the Adriatic in the early fourth century BCE. We argue that the text throws light on the Parian colonization of Pharos, and is related to activities of the Parians in the Adriatic in what seems to be the result of local Parian strife and strong anti-Athenian affiliations on Paros. We explore possible interpretations of the inscribed decree and their implications for the relationship between the Parians and Dionysios.

In the spring of 2024, I taught an Introduction to Public Humanities course at Yale University, with the support of a teaching fellow. My primary aim was to expand student understanding of how the humanities could be practiced beyond the walls of the university for a wider public. However, to accomplish this goal, we first needed to situate the more abstract concepts of the “public” and the “humanities” historically and conceptually. This stimulated us to divide the course into three parts. The first, The Humanities and Publics in Context, focused on the history of the humanities within the broader American discourse. The second part, Humanities in Public Life, brought guest speakers from various areas of the program’s concentrations: Place and Space, History and the Public, Museums and Collections, Public Writing, Documentary Studies, Arts Research, and Digital Humanities. Finally, the third part, Public Humanities: Making It as We Do It, provided students the opportunity to engage directly with the public humanities through hands-on projects, allowing them to put their learning into action. This paper captures the lessons we learned, the challenges we encountered, and the work we created throughout the course. My hope in sharing this process is that it can serve as a useful resource for others looking to explore or develop their own public humanities projects.

Accurate estimation of finger joint stiffness is important in assessing the hand condition of stroke patients and developing effective rehabilitation plans. Recent technological advances have enabled the efficient performance of hand therapy and assessment by estimating joint stiffness using soft actuators. While joint modular soft actuators have enabled cost-effective and personalized stiffness estimation, existing approaches face limitations. A corrective approach based on an analytical model suffers from actuator–finger and inter-actuator interactions, particularly in multi-joint systems. In contrast, a data-driven approach struggles with generalization due to limited availability of labeled data. In this study, we proposed a method for energy conservation-based online tuning of the analytical model using an artificial neural network (ANN) to address these challenges. By analyzing each term in the analytical model, we identified causes of estimation error and introduced correction parameters that satisfy energy balance within the actuator–finger complex. The ANN enhances the analytical model’s adaptability to measurement data, thereby improving estimation accuracy. The results show that our method outperforms the conventional corrective approach and exhibits better generalization potential than the purely data-driven approach. In addition, the method also proved effective in estimating stiffness in human subjects, where errors tend to be larger than in prototype experiments. This study is an essential step toward the realization of personalized rehabilitation.

Limited research has explored the delivery of sustainable design in higher education globally. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to investigate educational practices on the topic. Through an online survey, we investigated numerous aspects of units of study exposing topics related to sustainable design with a focus on contents, teaching methods and educational objectives. The survey was accessed by almost 400 educators in the field of sustainable design. The data show that a variety of teaching methods are used, with a critical role played by project-based learning in addition to traditional lectures. Most respondents rated all investigated intended learning outcomes as relevant or very relevant. In terms of contents and methods treated by the respondents, product eco-design and design for X are the most frequently taught methods. Educational approaches and teaching objectives are poorly affected by the discipline of the degree in which units of study are taught. In terms of contents, design degrees include approaches to sustainable design at the spatio-social level more frequently than engineering degrees do.

Process data, in particular, log data collected from a computerized test, documents the sequence of actions performed by an examinee in pursuit of solving a problem, affording an opportunity to understand test-taking behavioral patterns that account for demographic group differences in key outcomes of interest, for instance, final score on a cognitive item. Addressing this aim, this article proposes a latent class mediation analysis procedure. Using continuous process features extracted from action sequence data as indicators, latent classes underlying the test-taking behavior are identified in a latent class mediation model, where an examinee’s nominal latent class membership enters as the mediator between the observed grouping and outcome variables. A headlong search algorithm for selecting the subset of process features that maximizes the total indirect effect of the latent class mediator is implemented. The proposed procedure is validated with a series of simulations. An application to a large-scale assessment highlights how the proposed method can be used to explain performance gaps between students with learning disability and their typically developing peers on the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) math assessment.

Three days before the Irish general election in November 2024, Ireland lost one of its foremost and trailblazing women of the 20th century: Gemma Hussey. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Hussey served as a Senator, Teachta Dála (TD, a member of Dáil Éireann, the lower house of parliament in Ireland), and Cabinet Minister, and before and after her time in Irish politics, she remained a steadfast campaigner for progressive women’s rights, oftentimes in the face of staunch opposition from the Catholic Church, party colleagues, and the public. She was also a strong advocate of measures to support, facilitate, and promote women in politics.

In this paper, we adopt an evolutionary model to describe the coevolution of technological transition and pollution in a country, where the choice of technology does not only give firms access to cleaner (but more expensive) or dirtier (cheaper and illegal) forms of production, but also access to social groups and information. Firms’ activity may be harmful to the environment and, due to the existence of ambient pollution charges, economic activity is affected by the level of pollution in the country. Our analysis describes how the evolution of the transition to clean technology and pollution generates a rich set of possible equilibria, which include stable pure strategies (where all firms choose the same technology) and inner equilibria (where both technologies could be adopted in the long run). We also observe more complex behavior and coexistence of different attractors as well as highlight the importance of initial conditions and uncover how the regulator may face possible pollution traps.