Various theories have been proposed in the field of second language (L2) sentence processing research and have significantly advanced our understanding of the mechanisms underlying L2 sentence interpretation processes. However, many existing theories have only been formulated verbally, and little progress has been made towards formal modelling. Formal modelling offers several advantages, including enhancing the clarity and verifiability of theoretical claims. This paper aims to address this gap in the literature by introducing formal computational modelling and demonstrating its application in L2 sentence processing research. Through practical demonstrations, the paper also emphasises the importance of formal modelling in the formulation and development of theory.

While the claim that moral ignorance exculpates is quite controversial, the parallel claim with respect to non-moral ignorance seems to be universally accepted. As a starting point, we can state this claim as follows:

Non-moral Ignorance Exculpates: If an agent did everything that could be reasonably expected of her to inquire into some empirical issue as to whether P, the seeming truth of P played the appropriate role in the agent’s motivation to Φ, and the agent would not have merited blame for Φ-ing if P had been the case, then the agent does not merit blame for Φ-ing.

In this paper, I aim to accomplish two tasks. First, I argue that NMIE is false in certain cases in which, by Φ-ing, the agent violates a course-grained, reasonable community norm without knowing that doing so is in everyone’s best interests. Second, I argue that, while moral ignorance, like non-moral ignorance, does not exculpate when community norms are violated in this manner, it does exculpate when they are not. With these two tasks accomplished, we will see the striking parallels in the manner in which both moral and non-moral ignorance exculpate.

This study explored whether lifestyle therapy that promoted adherence to a Mediterranean-style diet as a treatment for depression led to environmental co-benefits. Participants (n 75 complete case) were Australian adults in the Curbing Anxiety and Depression using Lifestyle Medicine non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial, which showed that lifestyle therapy was non-inferior to psychotherapy in reducing depressive symptoms, when delivered in group format via video conferencing over an 8-week treatment period. In this secondary analysis, we hypothesised that the lifestyle arm would be superior to the psychotherapy arm in reducing the environmental impact of self-reported diet over time. Dietary intake derived from FFQ at baseline and 8 weeks was transformed into environmental impact scores by calculating global warming potential (GWP)*. GWP* was calculated for total dietary intake and distinct food groups (Australian Dietary Guidelines and NOVA classifications). Within-arm changes in GWP* over time were calculated using the median difference. Neither arm showed significant changes. Between-arm differences in percentage change in GWP* scores over time were analysed using generalised estimating equations models. No between-arm difference for total GWP* score was found (β = 11·06 (–7·04, 29·15)). When examining distinct food groups, results were mixed. These novel findings contribute to the sparse evidence base that has measured the environmental impact of diets in a clinical trial context. Whilst lifestyle therapy that reduced depressive symptoms did not have clear environmental benefits relative to psychotherapy, nutritional counselling that focuses on the environmental impact of food choices may drive more pronounced planetary co-benefits.

Although evidence suggests men are more generous to women than to men, it may stem from paternalism and could reverse when women excel in important skills for one’s career success, such as cognitive skills. Using a dictator game, this paper studies whether male dictators allocate less to female receivers than to male receivers when these receivers have higher intelligence quotients (IQs) than dictators. By exogenously varying the receivers’ IQ relative to the dictators’, I do not find evidence consistent with this hypothesis; if anything, male dictators allocate slightly more to female receivers with higher IQs than to male receivers with equivalent IQs. The results hold both in mean and distribution and are robust to the so-called “beauty premium.” Also, female dictators’ allocations are qualitatively similar to male dictators. These findings suggest that women who excel in cognitive skills may not receive less favorable treatment than equally intelligent men in the labor market.

The objective of this paper is to devise a set of principles and practices that can break with the temporalities of current pharmaceutical markets, and on this basis sketch a social contract for a new (temporal) political economy of pharmaceuticals. Pharmaceutical futures are, in my analysis, doubly predetermined by standard arguments around pharmaceutical patenting and pricing: they are narrated as a consequence of “past” investments to be recouped, but they are also predetermined on a particular “future perfect,” where past investment successes and promises to maintain the status quo determine the course of action of future investors. This double colonization of the future, in my analysis, eliminates any scope for meaningful change. Making this often implicit temporality of pharmaceutical markets explicit may allow to better take into account multiple temporalities in regulating this space. Chiefly among them are patients’ temporalities, which typically get overridden by the peculiar timelines of patent-based markets. The mRNA vaccine market serves as an illustration of the theoretical arguments raised, and I discuss four strategies that could lead toward a new temporal political economy of pharmaceutical markets: temporally sensitive policymaking; decolonizing the future through narrower patents; delinking patents from their asset condition; and pharmaceutical commons.

Submarine glacier melt rates of the Greenland Ice Sheet remain a major uncertainty in climate model projections of future sea level rise. Development of submarine melt parameterizations has to a high degree relied on ocean circulation modelling of glacial fjords, designed to quantify effects such as ocean thermal forcing and fjord–glacier geometry. Greenlandic fjords are relatively narrow, and it is frequently assumed that across-fjord flow variations are small enough to allow marine melt to be quantified with two-dimensional ocean-circulation models. Here, we present three-dimensional model simulations showing that the interplay between fjord–glacier geometry, side wall friction, and Earth’s rotation makes the circulation in ice-shelf cavities three-dimensional even in narrow fjords. Remarkably, we find that Earth’s rotation changes the flow pattern in the cavity below the ice shelf, leading to a decrease in the marine melt on a 10 km wide ice shelf by a factor of five compared to a non-rotating simulation. Our study prompts using three-dimensional model configurations of Greenlandic fjords.

Monitoring wildlife populations in vast, remote landscapes poses significant challenges for conservation and management, particularly when studying elusive species that range across inaccessible terrain. Traditional survey methods often prove impractical or insufficient in such environments, necessitating innovative technological solutions. This study evaluates the effectiveness of deep learning for automated Bactrian camel detection in drone imagery across the complex desert terrain of the Gobi Desert of Mongolia. Using YOLOv8 and a dataset of 1479 high-resolution drone-captured images of Bactrian camels, we developed and validated an automated detection system. Our model demonstrated strong detection performance with high precision and recall values across different environmental conditions. Scale-aware analysis revealed distinct performance patterns between medium- and small-scale detections, informing optimal drone flight parameters. The system maintained consistent processing efficiency across various batch sizes while preserving detection quality. These findings advance conservation monitoring capabilities for Bactrian camels and other wildlife in remote ecosystems, providing wildlife managers with an efficient tool to track population dynamics and inform conservation strategies in expansive, difficult-to-access habitats.

Sugar beet root damage at harvest promotes sucrose losses of circa 0.1 – 0.4 % day–1 in storage. However, root response to environmental stresses at harvest and their consequential rates of damage are not known. We investigated the effects of temperature and water stress at harvest on root resilience to damage and tissue strength. Water (irrigated to field capacity and non-irrigated) and temperature (cold and mild) treatments were imposed on physiologically mature sugar beet plants for seven weeks prior to and for three days after harvesting, respectively. Water status at harvest significantly affected relative water content (RWC) (p < 0.001), root weight (p < 0.001) and root width (p < 0.001). RWC was positively correlated to surface damage (R2 = 0.43, p = 0.02), root tip damage (R2 = 0.42, p = 0.03), tissue compression (R2 = 0.41, p = 0.05) and tissue puncture (R2 = 0.46, p = 0.01). Tissue damage was not affected by root tissue temperature of 4 °C compared to 12 °C. We conclude that sugar beet damage at harvest is not influenced by root temperatures over the range commonly observed in the UK and temperate production areas. However, higher water status at harvest, such as would be observed in a wet season, increases root tip and surface damage. These findings will help to inform optimum harvesting conditions to minimize sugar loss from the sugar beet crop.

We prove two compactness theorems for HOD. First, if $\kappa $ is a strong limit singular cardinal with uncountable cofinality and for stationarily many $\delta <\kappa $, $(\delta ^+)^{\mathrm {HOD}}=\delta ^+$, then $(\kappa ^+)^{\mathrm {HOD}}=\kappa ^+$. Second, if $\kappa $ is a singular cardinal with uncountable cofinality and stationarily many $\delta <\kappa $ are singular in $\operatorname {\mathrm {HOD}}$, then $\kappa $ is singular in $\operatorname {\mathrm {HOD}}$. We also discuss the optimality of these results and show that the first theorem does not extend from $\operatorname {\mathrm {HOD}}$ to other $\omega $-club amenable inner models.

The American public is increasingly affectively polarized. A growing body of research has associated affective polarization with two key phenomena: ideological polarization and social group sorting. Although there is ample evidence that social group sorting, particularly along racial and ethnic lines, is driving Republicans’ affect toward the Democratic Party, it is not clear how it shapes Democrats’, particularly White Democrats’, feelings toward the predominantly White Republican Party. We propose a third model that bridges these two theoretical approaches, a racial ideology model that helps explain Democrats’ feelings toward the Republican Party. Specifically, we argue that Democrats increasingly dislike Republicans because Republicans are seen as standing in opposition to racially progressive policies. Using a preregistered conjoint experiment, we find that Americans across party lines see Republicans as opposing efforts to reduce racial inequality and that this perception is associated with negative affect toward the Republican Party among both White and non-White Democrats.