The presence of multi-component protons with their distinct features is confirmed by various space missions in the Earth’s outer magnetosphere regions. Isotropic cold protons and anisotropic hot protons significantly influence/modify the dispersion behaviour of various modes and instabilities and regulate the magnetospheric dynamics effectively. Our present study pays attention to the left-hand-polarised proton cyclotron mode, which gets unstable in the large proton temperature anisotropy condition, i.e. $T_{\perp p}\gt T_{\parallel p}$. Such favourable thermal conditions for protons are extensively observed during the compression of the solar wind against the Earth’s magnetic field. To reveal the wave dynamics in more detail, i.e. time-scale variations in the cold and hot proton temperatures and resulting wave-energy density, we further allow the time evolution of our model bi-Maxwellian distribution function in response to the proton cyclotron instability. Based on velocity-moment techniques, we formulated a set of equations comprising an instantaneous dispersion relation, dynamical perpendicular and parallel temperature relations and a wave-energy density equation. For the graphical illustrations of our mathematical results, we choose initial conditions that are relevant to magnetospheric space environments and reported in various experimental studies. Our exact numerical analysis shows the notable impact of hot proton temperature anisotropy and relative density on the real frequency, growth rate, evolution of initial distributions and wave-energy density of the proton cyclotron instability. Such detailed outcomes will be quite helpful for global/local magnetospheric experimental and simulation studies.

The shear Alfvén wave (SAW) continuum plays a critical role in the stability of energetic particle-driven Alfvén eigenmodes. We develop a theoretical framework to analyze the SAW continuum in three-dimensional (3-D) quasisymmetric magnetic fields, focusing on its implications for stellarator design. By employing a near-axis model and degenerate perturbation theory, the continuum equation is solved, highlighting unique features in 3-D configurations, such as the interactions between spectral gaps. Numerical examples validate the theory, demonstrating the impact of flux-surface shaping and quasisymmetric field properties on continuum structure. The results provide insights into optimizing stellarator configurations to minimize resonance-driven losses of energetic particles. This work establishes a basis for incorporating Alfvénic stability considerations into the stellarator design process, demonstrated through optimization of a quasihelical configuration to avoid high-frequency spectral gaps.

Despite consensus that quality of life (QoL) in later adulthood is multi-dimensional, scholars’ perceptions of the dimensions the construct comprises differ. Under the premise that models and measures of QoL should correspond with lay perspectives to have relevance to the targeted population, we investigated the constituents of QoL in later adulthood as perceived by middle-aged and older laypersons. We fielded a factorial design vignette experiment among 2,544 respondents aged 50+ participating in the Dutch Longitudinal Internet studies for the Social Sciences panel to assess how 11 dimensions identified from four established QoL instruments designed for older people (WHOQOL-OLD, CASP-19, OPQOL, ICECAP-O) influence QoL evaluations. The study extends prior work on lay perspectives on QoL by combining the internal validity of an experiment with the external validity of a true population sample. All dimensions considered significantly impacted the QoL ratings in the expected direction. Enjoyment and social participation had a significantly larger contribution than the other dimensions. Models stratified by age group showed a strong degree of similarity, suggesting a high level of consensus across age groups about the constituents of QoL in later adulthood. The study highlights the necessity of capturing a broad range of dimensions when conceptualizing QoL in later adulthood. Our finding that dimensions that were omitted in selected established instruments still contributed substantially to QoL evaluations arguably implies that these instruments may have suboptimal content validity. The insights gained from this study are important for developing and evaluating policies aimed at improving QoL for the ageing population.

Indaziflam (Rejuvra®), a preemergence herbicide first registered in vine and tree nut crops, was recently approved for applications to rangeland for winter annual grass control. Indaziflam controls cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) for at least 3 yr, and control can extend into a fourth and fifth year; however, it is very difficult to find indaziflam residues in the soil 2 yr after application. Indaziflam could be absorbed by seeds still retained on the plant and on the soil surface in sufficient concentrations to stop establishment. To test this hypothesis, B. tectorum seeds and jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica Host) spikelets were treated with indaziflam and imazapic at rates from 5.4 to 175 g ai ha−1 using a greenhouse track sprayer delivering 187 L ha−1. Treated seeds were planted into field soil, and plants were allowed to grow for 21 d under greenhouse conditions. Growth was compared with growth of non-treated controls. In addition, a second set of treated seeds were exposed to rainfall 1 and 24 h after treatment and rainfall amounts ranging from 3 to 24 mm to determine whether rainfall impacted herbicide performance. Bromus tectorum was so sensitive to indaziflam that establishment was eliminated at all rates. Imazapic inhibited B. tectorum establishment with an ED90 of 67 g ai ha−1. Indaziflam effectively inhibits A. cylindrica establishment with an ED90 of 7.4 g ai ha−1 compared with imazapic with an ED50 of 175 g ai ha−1. Indaziflam’s impact on A. cylindrica establishment was not significantly impacted by rainfall, indicating that the herbicide was absorbed to the seed coat. These findings support the hypothesis that indaziflam’s long-term control could result from its ability to inhibit establishment of seeds retained in the canopy and those on the soil surface at the time of application.

Climate change can lead to increased pest migration and more frequent outbreaks by altering pest life cycles and habitats. Farmers facing increased temperatures or rainfall resort to more pesticides, emphasizing the need for adaptive pest management. This article evaluates the economic benefits of farmer networks for pest management by applying an economic model of social learning to a pilot network in Iowa. Our results show significant variation in the network’s effectiveness. We find that networks are particularly valuable for farmers facing high pest infestation risks, offering over $300 per acre in value against the impacts of extreme heat.1

A set of experiments were conducted on the LArge Plasma Device (LAPD) at UCLA to test the operational principles of a traveling wave antenna of the comb-line type. This antenna was designed to launch helicon waves (fast waves in the lower hybrid range of frequencies) on DIII-D. With the order-of-magnitude lower static magnetic field on LAPD, the antenna excites waves in a different regime. Whenever fast waves can propagate in LAPD, slow waves are also supported by the plasma so it is necessary to distinguish between the two cold-plasma branches in evaluating the effectiveness of the launcher. The results show that the launcher couples well to fast waves when the plasma supports fast-wave propagation; control of the principal imposed parallel wavenumber can be achieved through varying the launch frequency on the antenna within its bandwidth of operation; and that the launched waves exhibit strong directionality. We also investigate the role of the plasma profile and wave mode on the loading characteristics. Additionally, a comparison with full-wave modeling of the propagating waves is shown using both a cold-plasma model in COMSOL and a hot-plasma model in RFPisa, which obtain similar results in the present regime.

This article examines a collection of colour portraits housed in the Archives de la Planète in Paris. The portraits depict a group of Indian pan-Islamists who spent several months in Europe in 1920 advocating for more lenient terms for the Ottoman Empire—the seat of the Caliphate—in the peace settlement that followed the First World War. Europe, and particularly Paris, provided these Indians with opportunities to encounter numerous other Muslims from across the so-called ‘Muslim world’, some of whom also sat for portraits that now form part of the Archives de la Planète. By drawing on recent scholarship on colonial photography, global embourgeoisement, and interwar world-making, this article contextualises these portraits within a broader historical framework. While surface similarities between the images might suggest this was a moment of growing convergence, the Indian pan-Islamists’ textual accounts of their European encounters reveal deep intellectual and political divisions. In this moment of heightened global mobility and connection, the Muslim world emerges as a heterotopic space, containing and reflecting a multitude of competing realities and intersecting subjectivities.

Femoral neck bone mineral density (FNBMD) is a high risk factor for femoral head fractures, and coffee intake affects bone mineral density, but the effect on FNBMD remains to be explored. First, we conducted an observational study in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and collected data on coffee intake, FNBMD, and sixteen covariates. Weight linear regression was used to explore the association of coffee intake with FNBMD. Then, Mendelian randomisation (MR) was used to explore the causal relationship between coffee intake and FNBMD, the exposure factor was coffee intake, and the outcome factor was FNBMD. The inverse variance weighting (IVW) method was used for the analysis, while heterogeneity tests, sensitivity, and pleiotropy analysis were performed. A total of 5 915 people were included in the cross-sectional study, including 3 178 men and 2 737 women. In the completely adjusted model, no coffee was used as a reference. The ORs for the overall population at ‘< 1’, ‘1–<2’, ‘2–<4’, and ‘4+’ (95% CI) were 0.02 (–0.01, 0.04), 0.00 (–0.01, 0.02), –0.01 (–0.02, 0.00), and 0.00 (–0.01, 0.02), respectively. The male and female population showed no statistically significant differences in both univariate and multivariate linear regressions. In the MR study, the IVW results showed an OR (95% CI) of 1.06 (0.88–1.27), a P-value of 0.55, and an overall F-value of 80.31. The heterogeneity, sensitivity analyses, and pleiotropy had no statistical significance. Our study used cross-sectional studies and MR to demonstrate that there is no correlation or causal relationship between coffee intake and FNBMD.

High-power fiber lasers generate local heat load extremes during their operation, which increase the fiber temperature and lead to adverse thermal effects, such as transverse mode instability or cladding/coating thermal damage. The local temperature extremes are usually located near the end of a fiber where the pump power is delivered. In this paper, longitudinally inhomogeneous doping concentration profiles are applied to reduce the heat load extremes. Utilizing a new degree of freedom, it is shown by both simulations and measurements that the maximal temperature along the fiber can be effectively decreased by using active fibers with an increasing concentration profile in the direction of the pumping power. The concept is studied by a comprehensive numerical model that considers temperature-dependent parameters and is also demonstrated by measurement on an in-house built thulium-doped fiber laser formed by spliced sections with different concentrations. The output power of 54 W with the slope efficiency exceeding 62% was reached.

This article explores the cultivation of medical knowledge via popular health guides among the Finnish lay populace from the 1890s to the 1970s. By using written reminiscences and newspaper articles as source material, the article discusses the relevance, popularity, and practical use of various printed health guides and manuals throughout Finland. We place particular focus on the late nineteenth to the early twentieth century as the period that experienced a high increase in lay education and literacy. By focusing on individual readers and their experiences of popular health guides, the article examines lay medical and health practices as the number of medical manuals dramatically increased from the late nineteenth century onwards. It also investigates the reception of medical, popular and irregular health movements, such as hygienism, nature cure, and Couéist autosuggestion, and the change in medical culture brought about by the appearance of patent medicines. As the information discovered in popular health guides tended to fluctuate between official and irregular medical theory, we analyse the relationship between learned, alternative, and vernacular medicine through the views and opinions expressed by people who engaged with health literature. Through these materials, we provide a novel understanding of the accessibility of medical knowledge, the spread and impact of health guides, and attitudes towards different medical practices among the Finnish reading public.

Accurate knowledge of basal topography is required for numerical modelling efforts to predict how Earth’s ice sheets will respond to continued warming. The widely used BedMachine v3 dataset has limitations with respect to its use in modelling studies, particularly in estimating uncertainties. Machine learning approaches offer promise in addressing this gap, with quantile regression forests (QRFs) especially suited to geospatial data. Here, we apply a novel QRF approach to map the basal topography of Greenland’s ice sheet using airborne radio echo sounding (RES) data. Compared to BedMachine, our model reduces the root-mean-squared-error of ice depth predictions by 18%, from 232 to 190 m. It also significantly improves uncertainty calibration: 89.8% of new observations fall within our 90% prediction interval, versus 68% for BedMachine. The QRF model achieves a lower continuous ranked probability score (92 m vs. 130 m), indicating improved balance between accuracy and uncertainty. Our volume estimate for the Greenland ice sheet is 0.7% higher than BedMachine’s, though we emphasise differences in the predicted shape of subglacial features like outlet glacier troughs. This approach offers a computationally efficient, accessible method for deriving subglacial topography from RES data, while providing better-calibrated uncertainty estimates than existing models.

Recent disruptions in technology, geopolitics, and the environment have contested what it means to be human, a source of social and political anxiety about the future. Taking inspiration from African and African diaspora writers and scholars, Lee attends to theories of the human that emerge from contemporary experiences on the African continent. The essay provides a countercanon by centering debates about the human and their attendant attempts to transcend it (more-than-human, posthuman) in African experiences and knowledges. Doing so offers alternative conceptions of human–nonhuman relations that unravel the co-imbrication of colonialism, capitalism, and anti-Black racism that undergird the modern condition.

The Messina-Reggio Calabria Earthquake (1908) was one of the most devastating natural disasters in modern European history. It occurred when overseas mass emigration from southern Italy was at its peak and international borders were open, making emigration a readily available option for relief. We find that the earthquake had no large positive impact on emigration on average. There were, however, heterogeneous responses, with a more positive effect where agricultural day laborers comprised a larger share of the labor force, suggesting that attachment to the land limited an emigration response.

In this review, the aim is to differentiate between the 3 second-generation antipsychotics available as long-acting injectables (risperidone/paliperidone, aripiprazole, and olanzapine) and their varied formulations. Differences and similarities among the available products are discussed, including the amenities of care: route of administration (intramuscular or subcutaneous), injection frequency, needle gauge and length, injection volume, injection site, reconstitution procedures, initiation with oral medication or multiple injections, refrigeration requirements, post-injection observation requirements, drug–drug interactions preventing use or requiring dosing adjustments, adjustments requirements for late or missed doses, availability of patient assistance programs, and access barriers for off-label use. Effectiveness in acute and maintenance treatment are reviewed using the metrics of number needed to treat and number needed to harm.

The Eastern Ghats Belt (EGB) has been extensively studied by the geoscientific community; however, this communication reports unique mineral assemblages that have not been documented previously. This study documents the occurrence of sapphirine, spinel, orthopyroxene, sodic-gedrite, calcic-amphibole, biotite and plagioclase assemblage indicating in ultrahigh temperature (UHT) metamorphic conditions. The significance of this study lies in the peculiarity of sapphirine being present within anorthite matrix which has been reported for the first time from the Indian subcontinent. The studied assemblage has been correlated with the more or less similar assemblage of rock called ‘Sakenites’ reported from southern Madagascar to correlate the most probable source rock ‘anorthosites’ that underwent metamorphic transformations and led to the unique UHT mineral assemblage. The Na-rich gedrite identified within the assemblage represents a relict mineral indicative of high-grade amphibolite-facies metamorphism. The derived pressure–temperature (P-T) trajectory reveals a decompression path with almost uniformly decreasing P-T conditions in contrast to the commonly reported isothermal decompression (ITD) path from various other domains and provinces of the EGB. The corresponding retrograde assemblage has been recalibrated by the sequential removal of sapphirine and corroborated with T-X (H2O) constraints.

The analyzed EMP U-Th-Pb monazite chemical age constraints suggest mesoproterozoic to neoproterozoic episodes corresponding to a pair of ∼959 Ma and ∼846 Ma thermal events. These metamorphic events have been correlated to reconstructing the Rodinian supercontinent at ∼959 Ma and the initiation of its subsequent break-up at ∼846 Ma.

Small business owners play a central role in all advanced economies. Nonetheless, they are an understudied occupational group politically, particularly compared to groups that represent smaller portions of the population (e.g., union members, manufacturing workers). We conduct a detailed investigation of the politics of small business owners and offer new insight into the evolving role of education, class, and occupation in electoral politics. Leveraging diverse sources of data – representative surveys from around the world, campaign finance records, voter files, and a first-of-its-kind, bespoke survey of small business owners – we find consistent evidence that small business owners are more likely to identify with and vote for right-wing parties. We find that this tendency cannot be fully explained by factors that cause people to select into being small business owners. Rather, we identify a key operational channel: the experience of being a small business owner leads people to adopt conservative views on government regulation.