A perceived barrier to effective treatment of pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis (POMS) is access to disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). An online Canada-wide survey of POMS DMT prescribers was used to identify patterns in, and barriers to, DMT access. Nineteen prescribers provided responses. Overall, DMT access via private versus government drug plans was variable. First-generation (e.g., beta-interferon) DMTs were more accessible via government plans versus second-generation DMTs (e.g., ocrelizumab). Most DMTs were available through private insurance plans. B-cell depleting therapies were the most difficult to access. Variability in DMT access for POMS raises concerns about health equity and care optimization.

This article examines how the obligation to take precautionary measures to verify targets under international humanitarian law (IHL) can be applied with artificial intelligence decision support systems (AI-DSS). It uses the reported deployment of systems like ‘Lavender’ and ‘Where's Daddy?’ by Israel in the Gaza War as an illustrative example, breaks down the use of AI-DSS into stages – legal qualification, classification, and identification/location – and evaluates how precautions to verify can reduce the risk of false positives in each of these stages. It argues that precautions to verify must be applied at all stages, and discusses factors that affect their feasibility. The article concludes that while human oversight remains essential, precautions specific to AI-DSS outside the realm of the human operator are possible, and at times, necessary to ensure compliance with IHL.

Fall panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx.) is an annual allochthonous grass weed currently spreading in maize (Zea mays L.) fields in Spain. In the summer of 2022, poor control of P. dichotomiflorum with the acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicide nicosulfuron was reported in two maize fields: Gerb, Catalonia (GB-R), and Sodeto, Aragon (SO-R), with a history of repeated nicosulfuron use. While target-site resistance (TSR) has previously been reported in this species, non–target site resistance (NTSR) to ALS inhibitors has not yet been documented. The objectives of this study were to (1) confirm and quantify nicosulfuron resistance in the putative resistant populations GB-R and SO-R relative to the susceptible population TS-S; (2) characterize the presence of TSR mutations in the ALS gene; and (3) assess the potential involvement of NTSR via enhanced metabolism mediated by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) and glutathione S-transferase (GSTs). Dose–response assays confirmed that GB-R and SO-R populations were 29- and 37-fold more resistant than the TS-S population. However, co-application of nicosulfuron with the P450 inhibitor piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and the GST inhibitor 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan (NBD-Cl) significantly reduced resistance in both populations. In GB-R, GR50 values declined from 66.3 g ai ha–1 (nicosulfuron alone) to 15.8 g ai ha–1 with PBO and 6.5 g ai ha–1 with NBD-Cl, both well below the recommended field rate (40 g ai ha–1), corresponding to 76% and 90% resistance reductions, respectively. Similarly, in SO-R, GR50 values declined from 83.8 g ai ha–1 to 16.8 g ai ha–1 with PBO and 15.7 g ai ha–1 with NBD-Cl, representing 80% and 81% resistance reductions. Sequencing of the ALS gene revealed no known target-site mutations, and ALS enzyme activity did not significantly differ between R and S populations. These results suggest that nicosulfuron resistance in two Spanish P. dichotomiflorum populations is potentially associated with enhanced metabolism mediated by P450 and GST enzymes, providing the first worldwide evidence of NTSR in this species.

Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) has exceptionally high co-morbidities with common mental health conditions and is often associated with gendered healthcare inequalities. This study aimed to investigate the ways in which cognitive behavioural therapists’ (CBT therapists) perceptions, understandings, and assumptions regarding women’s health and healthcare influence their therapeutic practice with women experiencing CPP. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 CBT therapists working in a variety of healthcare settings. Transcribed interviews were analysed using a mixed inductive and deductive thematic analysis (TA). Three themes were developed: the gendered nature of CPP, the role of CBT, and building relationships. Therapists treated CPP as a distinctly gendered condition, which may lead to male therapists being viewed as less able to empathise with those suffering from CPP, and CPP in trans clients being left undiscussed. Therapists displayed varied understandings of the role of CBT with CPP clients and discussed how standard CBT training under-recognises the importance of women’s health in therapy. They identified trust as a key barrier to mental health care in women with CPP, highlighting relationship-building as a priority with this client group. This study demonstrates the impact that therapists’ own perceptions regarding women’s health has on their treatment approach with CPP, underscoring the importance of reflective practice in this area. It also highlighted significant gaps in the literature relating to approaching gendered topics such as CPP with trans clients, and a need to integrate women’s health issues into core CBT training and long-term conditions (LTC) training.

Epilepsy affects ~50 million people worldwide and is associated with increased psychiatric comorbidities, including depression, anxiety, psychosis and suicidality. Despite this, current epilepsy management primarily focusses on seizure control, potentially overlooking mental health concerns. This article explores the challenges of integrating psychiatric care into epilepsy treatment and proposes solutions for a more holistic approach. Using a consensus development panel method, a multidisciplinary team of neurologists, psychiatrists and a lived-experience expert identified key challenges to optimising the mental health of people living with epilepsy, such as healthcare system fragmentation, underdiagnosis of mental health conditions and inadequate resources. Among the proposed solutions, the need for routine mental health screening, interdisciplinary support and collaboration, and increased research into the neuropsychiatric aspects of epilepsy were highlighted. A shift from a seizure-centric model to a patient-centred approach is advocated, emphasising biopsychosocial care and improved access to psychiatric services. We also discuss prospective practical strategies to tackle the issues identified, including collaborative care models, structured decision trees and AI-driven screening tools, to enhance diagnosis and treatment. Addressing these challenges through systemic change, research investment and service innovation should significantly improve the care and quality of life for individuals with an epilepsy and co-occurring mental health disorders.

Legal waivers embedded in corporate settlement agreements are commonly framed as neutral devices of dispute resolution. They promise finality, prevent double recovery and manage litigation risk. Yet in practice, waivers function as structural tools of accountability avoidance. This article examines the use of legal waivers within operational-level grievance mechanisms, focusing on three dimensions: the UNGPs’ procedural formalism, the cost dynamics of corporate settlements, and the opacity created by confidentiality provisions. It argues that the UNGPs’ emphasis on process legitimacy neglects the substantive consequences of waivers, that cost volatility incentivises their routine use, and that confidentiality provisions entrench information asymmetry while obstructing judicial oversight. The article concludes by advancing a hybrid regulatory model which prohibits blanket confidentiality of terms governing settlement agreements and advocates for greater transparency through a differentiated disclosure regime and increased judicial scrutiny by domestic courts.

The English weavers who organized what would become a flourishing cooperative business in 1844 remain famous worldwide. In the second half of the nineteenth century, their story traveled through a newly international labor press, inspiring workers to build cooperatives in the template set forth by the so-called “Rochdale Pioneers.” While scholars have detailed the Rochdale model’s impact on the cooperative movement itself, historians have missed its significance as a vector for wider changes in working-class politics. Drawing on cooperative movement literature and organizational records, this essay traces the transnational circulation of the Rochdale story from Britain to the United States from the mid-nineteenth to the early twentieth century. I explore how the Rochdale method’s influence simultaneously standardized cooperative practices, and reflected a protracted shift in anti-capitalist struggles. Against the backdrop of land dispossession and anti-labor violence, the Rochdale experiment captured hopes for a cooperative economic strategy fit to survive in the modern era. Focusing on the rise of consumers’ cooperation in the United States, I show how organizers mobilized a cooperative vision for a post-enclosure world—one consistent with the structure, if not the spirit, of private property and commodity markets. This article explores how the cooperative movement became a vital site for reimagining economic autonomy as industrial capitalism conscripted ever more people into wage labor.

In the post–Cold War era, many authoritarian regimes engaged in strategic liberalization in response to international norms promoted by Western powers. As US support for democracy and human rights recedes, will this retreat prompt a global rollback of liberal reforms? While pessimistic accounts predict a return to overt repression, we argue that liberal norm adaptation within autocracies is likely to prove more resilient. We highlight two sources of continuity. First, autocrats’ domestic control strategies create incentives to retain certain liberal practices—such as elections, gender reforms, or limited media openness—that bolster legitimacy, co-opt dissent, and help manage opposition. Second, reforms anchored in treaties, international organizations, and domestic bureaucracies have generated expectations and mobilizational platforms, making wholesale reversals politically costly and prone to backlash. Our analysis illustrates how reforms, even when adopted instrumentally, have become sufficiently embedded in domestic politics to persist in the absence of strong external enforcement.

Countermajoritarianism is the view that judicial review is antidemocratic because it allows an unelected and unaccountable minority (judges) to overrule laws that represent the will of the majority. The core claim of this view stresses the conflict between agents with a democratic and a non-democratic pedigree. I call this conflict the ‘pedigree problem’ of judicial review. Against countermajoritarianism, I argue that the pedigree problem does not affect some forms of judicial review: specifically, the judicial review that declares a norm inapplicable in a specific case due to the unconstitutional effects that this application brings about. Countermajoritarianism fails when objecting to the inapplicability model because the agents involved in judicial review—the constitutional court and the judge—have the same pedigree, i.e., non-democratic. In order to justify this claim, I draw insights from legal interpretation literature, specifically, the distinction between ‘norm formulation’ and ‘norm’.

United Nations peacekeeping is drifting from its post–Cold War liberal model toward a more sovereignty-focused approach. This essay posits that the change is not formal or doctrinal, but instead emerges through institutional drift and norm reinterpretation, driven by accelerated US retrenchment, China and Russia’s growing influence, host-state assertiveness, and internal United Nations adaptation. Drawing on theories of norm dynamics, bureaucratic culture, and empirical studies of peacekeeping mission practice, the analysis shows how liberal principles, such as democratization and human rights, are increasingly sidelined in favor of conflict containment and host-state support. The essay concludes by outlining four potential futures for peacekeeping: gradual drift into stabilization, normative fragmentation and regionalization, niche reaffirmation of liberalism, and formal norm redefinition. Together, these scenarios suggest peacekeeping is entering a postliberal era, marked not by collapse, but by contested adaptation within a shifting world order.

We prove that the family of graphs containing no cycle with exactly k-chords is $\chi $-bounded, for k large enough or of form $\ell (\ell -2)$ with $\ell \ge 3$ an integer. This verifies (up to a finite number of values k) a conjecture of Aboulker and Bousquet (2015).