In his seminal paper from 1936, Alan Turing introduced the concept of non-computable real numbers and presented examples based on the algorithmically unsolvable Halting problem. We describe a different, analytically natural mechanism for the appearance of non-computability. Namely, we show that additive sampling of orbits of certain skew products over expanding dynamics produces Turing non-computable reals. We apply this framework to Brjuno-type functions to demonstrate that they realize bijections between computable and lower-computable numbers, generalizing previous results of M. Braverman and the second author for the Yoccoz–Brjuno function to a wide class of examples, including Wilton’s functions and generalized Brjuno functions.

Anton Rubinstein’s music has often been portrayed as a conservative, cosmopolitan foil to the progressive, nationalist compositions of the Balakirev circle. This is also how the Balakirev circle viewed it throughout the 1860s, but their opposition suddenly gave way to public adulation in 1869. Ostensibly, the reason for this about-face was musical, since with Ivan IV (1868) and Don Quixote (1870), Rubinstein finally produced two explicitly programmatic symphonic pictures. Yet the difference between Rubinstein’s symphonic pictures and his earlier works was not as radical as the Balakirev circle made it out to be, and at least part of the circle’s motivation for suddenly praising them seems to have originated in extramusical concerns. In 1869, Balakirev was dismissed as the director of the Russian Musical Society and threw himself into organizing the Free Music School concerts, which he intended as a competitive alternative to those of the RMS. In order to attract audiences, he became determined to secure the Saint Petersburg premiere of Ivan IV as well as Rubinstein’s performances as a soloist, and it was in this context that the Balakirev circle bombarded the press with glowing reviews of Rubinstein’s music. In the short run, this rapprochement even grew beyond a marriage of convenience and developed into regular meetings at which Rubinstein and the Balakirev circle presented their compositions for criticism. These meetings were ephemeral, but in later years most of the Balakirev circle maintained a polite relationship with Rubinstein. The exception was Vladimir Stasov, who erased the rapprochement from his memory and reverted to peddling the image of Rubinstein as the archconservative enemy of Russian music that he had already constructed in the 1860s. Alas, it was Stasov who shaped twentieth-century historiography of Russian music, and this is why the events of 1869–71 have remained obscured in modern scholarship.

In this paper, we detail and critique dominant narratives of war crime apologia. These narratives portray the circumstances of a war crime, the perpetrator’s character and motives, and the broader context in which the crime occurred, in ways that minimise or negate the perpetrator’s moral, and sometimes legal, blameworthiness. In section one, we identify and critique three broad categories: (1) individualising narratives (‘uncommon practice’), (2) excusatory narratives (‘essence of war’), and (3) justificatory narratives (‘tragic necessity’). Drawing on a range of real world examples, we outline the features of these narratives and the underlying theory of moral responsibility and blameworthiness on which they implicitly depend. In section two, we elucidate the role of these narratives in the promotion and perpetuation of socially, politically, and legally harmful attitudes towards war crimes. By advancing self-serving perpetrator-centric views about responsibility and blame, these narratives cultivate a cultural and legal toleration and, in some cases, celebration, of atrocity. They also perpetuate a distorted image of war itself, as a space that cannot accommodate moral and legal restraints. This image of war, we argue, weakens the post-Geneva consensus about the reach and limits of battlefield violence and makes the future commission of war crimes more likely. In conclusion, we consider how these narratives could be challenged within military institutions, and in the political and social realm.

Research shows that women’s inclusion in decision-making bodies that produce anti-feminist policies can legitimize policies and institutions. When a woman attorney advocates for an anti-feminist outcome in the judiciary, are the courts perceived as more legitimate than when a man makes the same argument? Using a survey experiment where 1,395 participants read about a sexual harassment case argued by a male or female attorney, we find that female attorneys increase the legitimacy of anti-feminist rulings in only one specific instance: when a female attorney represents an employer and wins, and only for female participants who are much less likely to perceive that process as procedurally legitimate in the first place. Our results demonstrate that while there are some instances where attorney gender can legitimize judicial behavior, the courts are different from legislatures, and deploying women to advocate for anti-women outcomes has little impact on feelings of court legitimacy broadly.

This study presents the design and validation of an organizational attachment scale that integrates Bowlby’s attachment theory into the analysis of workplace behavior. Its goal is to offer organizations a rigorous and reliable tool to assess how attachment styles influence professional dynamics, such as interpersonal relations, stress management, collaboration, job satisfaction, and team performance. The theoretical relevance lies in explaining how individuals form, maintain, or avoid emotional bonds with colleagues, supervisors, and the organization itself, insights that are essential for enhancing both employee well-being and organizational effectiveness.

The research responds to the transition from Taylorist management models to contemporary “quantum” paradigms, where flexibility, complexity, and human factors are central, and organizations operate in BANI (Brittle, Anxious, Nonlinear, Incomprehensible) environments. Using a quantitative, non-experimental design, data were collected through LinkedIn from 204 team leaders and middle managers across various industries. Statistical validation included exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, internal consistency testing, and assessments of convergent and discriminant validity.

Results revealed a solid three-factor structure, secure, anxious, and avoidant attachment, showing high reliability and strong construct validity. These findings confirm the instrument’s effectiveness in distinguishing attachment styles in professional contexts and highlight their influence on emotional regulation, communication, engagement, and performance. The study’s originality lies in creating the first psychometric tool in Spain specifically tailored to organizational settings, addressing workplace hierarchies and norms. It thus advances theoretical understanding and provides a practical framework for cultivating healthier, more resilient, and productive organizational cultures.

Despite representing 18% of the world’s population and 20% of the disease burden, only an estimated 2% of global clinical trials include at least one study site in Africa. This underscores the critical need for continued research on how to overcome clinical trial challenges on the continent. In countries with established reputations for clinical trials, Contract Research Organizations (CROs) play a vital role, accounting for half of the research workforce and effectively managing clinical trials for pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and medical device companies. In contrast, the potential of CROs in Africa’s clinical trials ecosystem remains largely unexplored. This narrative review discusses the challenges, opportunities, best practices, emerging trends, and prospects of clinical trials in Africa. Major challenges in clinical trial implementation in Africa stem from gaps in financial and human resources, infrastructure, and regulatory systems, while opportunities are linked to Africa’s large population, genetic diversity, disease burden, lower operating costs, positive economic outlook, and growing interest from global health and research players. Emerging trends, such as the decentralization of clinical trials and conducting trials during public health emergencies, offer promising avenues for maintaining research continuity. Ultimately, the paper proposes a context-specific framework, aimed at maximizing the effectiveness of CROs in the continent’s clinical trials ecosystem.

This is a brief introduction to a special issue highlighting the relevance of philosophy of science to many core topics in theology and philosophy of religion. Several points of intersection between knowledge production in the sciences and knowledge production in philosophy and theology are discussed.

By the time the Great War reached an armistice in 1918, travel companies, publishers, and even tire manufacturers had compiled guidebooks for tourists interested in visiting the battlefields of the Western Front. Using the three-volume Michelin Illustrated Guides to the Battlefields (1920) as primary texts, this essay argues that the various maps embedded in these books were instrumental in converting American tourists into what David W. Lloyd would term “pilgrims” – those who would visit these hallowed war-torn sites and emerge from the experience with a greater level of spiritual transcendence. To this end, then, maps were facilitators of the mourning process, even framing or formatting the way in which surviving loved ones could express their grief to themselves and to the outside world. Once pilgrims arrived at the American cemeteries in Europe, they entered a space whose design was so geometrical and exact that it took on a remarkable resemblance to the very guidebook maps that had led them there. In achieving a 1:1 scale with the landscapes they represented, these maps offered a multivalent, transcendent experience whereby mourners could be emotionally and spiritually immersed in that hallowed terrain where their soldiers fell and would remain.

Acquiring the skills to obtain extramural funding is a major challenge for early- and mid-career investigators. The Professional Development Core (PDC) of the NIH-funded Mountain West Clinical and Translational Research Infrastructure Network (MW CTR-IN) aims to support early-stage and mid-career investigators pursuing independent careers in clinical and translational science research. Since 2018, the PDC’s Grant Writing Workshops (GWWs) have provided CTR investigators with didactic content and interactive feedback on their NIH grant applications, helping them reach this key career milestone. Four one-day GWWs were offered in person, and two half-day GWWs were offered virtually across two days during the COVID-19 pandemic. Evaluation data for each cohort revealed that participants’ knowledge and confidence in the relevant sections of NIH R-series grants consistently improved following GWW attendance and resulted in notable enhancements in participants’ feelings of positivity toward grant writing, regardless of delivery mode (virtual vs. in-person). Follow-up data showed that 12 GWW participants acquired external funding with a 21% success rate and $12,584,938 in total funding. This manuscript provides a roadmap for planning and implementing a successful virtual or in-person GWW that positively impacts the careers of early-stage and mid-career investigators.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has the potential to revolutionize society, but realizing this potential requires more than technical effort. Developing effective AI systems involves balancing specialized knowledge within disciplines with the cross-disciplinary insights needed to address complex challenges. It also requires bridging fundamental research, which offers generalizable principles, with applied research, which ensures solutions are tailored to specific contexts. Crucially, it demands integrating expert perspectives with the lived experiences of communities, creating systems that are equitable and grounded in real-world needs.

Our research lab was established in 2020 as a collaboration between academia and public institutions to address these gaps. This article reflects on five years of the lab’s work, focusing on insights from studying the school choice algorithm in Amsterdam. School choice is a pressing issue in the city, and policymakers have adapted the well-known Deferred Acceptance algorithm to match students to schools. However, this adaptation led to inefficiencies, with students often placed in schools far down their preference list. This illustrated how a theoretically robust approach, even one that famously earned a Nobel Prize, can lose effectiveness when misaligned with local contexts.

We found that addressing this issue required integrating multiple perspectives: theoretical insights, practical considerations from community stakeholders, and interdisciplinary approaches combining quantitative and qualitative methods from AI, Economics, and Psychology. To articulate this, we propose a conceptual model that bridges three key dimensions in AI research: theory and application, science and society, and qualitative and quantitative inquiry. This project underscored a critical lesson: solutions rooted in a single perspective fail to address real-world complexities, and truly impactful research emerges when diverse approaches are synthesized.

We advocate for a shift in AI research that prioritizes flexibility and allows for fluidly navigating between our three proposed dimensions. Our experience suggests that such flexibility ensures AI research genuinely serves and uplifts society.

Research has linked the authoritarian personality with support for political violence, including violence against the government. However, support for political violence is simultaneously a measure of and an outcome of the authoritarian personality, and one key component (submission to authority) is the antithesis of one key measure of political violence (violence against authority). This article makes three contributions. First, we accentuate the importance of using exogenous measures of the authoritarian personality when estimating its effect on support for political violence. Second, leveraging data from an original survey and the American National Election Studies, we find that the relationship between authoritarianism and support for violence is conditional: it can be positive, negative, or null, depending on who is in control of government and the specificity of political-violence measures. Third, we argue that another concept—the securitarian personality—might better predict support for violence. Access to firearms—which we argue is downstream from securitarianism—consistently predicts support for political violence.

Ellen Ann Willmott, although known primarily as a horticulturist, was also an amateur musician and the owner of an important library. As well as containing books on botanical subjects, this library was particularly strong in its early modern musical contents, both manuscript and printed. This article examines the early modern music in Ellen Willmott’s library (which featured composers ranging roughly from Thomas Tallis to Henry Purcell), her collecting habits, and her methods of acquisition. It also evaluates what happened to her library after her death, including the circumstances of its dispersal by auction in 1935, charting the disposal of the more significant items to their various winning bidders. In so doing, it offers a window onto the economics of the music trade — a trade driven by an item’s condition and completeness, and stimulated by the early music revival.

The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) recently issued its first rulings on climate change, affirming that the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) requires states to take action. These landmark rulings will profoundly impact both the ECHR and international law. They strike a balance between states’ discretion in regulating climate policy and the human rights protection needed for future generations. However, the ECtHR left several key questions unanswered. More fundamentally, the rulings raise the question of whether a human rights court is the best forum for climate change litigation.

To address the complexity and excessive reliance on expert experience in tuning fuzzy proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller parameters, this study proposes a variable-rate spraying control system that integrates an improved beetle antennae search (IBAS) algorithm with fuzzy PID control. To evaluate the feasibility of the system, a mathematical transfer function of the variable-rate spraying system was constructed, and a flow control simulation platform was established for simulation analysis. The IBAS algorithm was developed to overcome the limitations of conventional BAS, which is prone to premature convergence and limited search precision. The improvements include a hybrid disturbance strategy to enhance individual search capability and a simulated annealing mechanism to prevent the algorithm from being trapped in local optima. Using the IBAS algorithm, the proportional and quantization factors of the fuzzy PID controller were optimized offline to obtain the optimal parameters. The IBAS–fuzzy PID controller was then compared in simulation with conventional PID, fuzzy PID, and BAS-optimized fuzzy PID controllers. The simulation results demonstrated that the IBAS–fuzzy PID algorithm achieved higher flow control accuracy than existing methods. Field experiments were conducted to further validate the effectiveness of the improved algorithm under practical conditions. The results indicated that the IBAS-optimized fuzzy PID controller outperformed the three other control methods in terms of flow control accuracy. Overall, both simulation and field results confirm that the proposed IBAS algorithm for fuzzy PID parameter optimization significantly enhances response speed, control precision, and overshoot reduction, providing a novel approach and potential application for variable-rate spraying technology.