Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) face Common-Mode Errors (CMEs) such as atmospheric delays. While techniques like Differential GNSS (DGNSS) or Precise Point Positioning (PPP) mitigate these errors, Real-Time PPP (RT-PPP) emerges as a promising solution for smart cities and Connected Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) by enhancing accuracy without reference stations. In Latin America, RT-PPP users benefit from Global Ionospheric Models (GIMs) from the International GNSS Service (IGS) and Vertical Total Electron Content (VTEC) maps from the University of La Plata (MAGN). This work comprehensively compares these products via simulated RT processing, focusing on Single-Frequency (SF) Real-Time Single Point Positioning (RT-SPP), which is crucial for low-cost GNSS-equipped CAV applications. Results demonstrate that MAGN predicts VTEC better across Latin America, showing a 46% average improvement. Consequently, MAGN-based RT-SPP achieves 67% and 21% higher horizontal and total positioning accuracies compared to IGS-based RT-SPP across various test scenarios using extensive observation data.

The Southern-sky MWA Rapid Two-metre (SMART) survey, which capitalises on the MWA’s large field of view and voltage recording capability, is an ambitious effort to conduct sensitive searches for pulsars and fast transients in the 140–170MHz band. The novelty of voltage recording, long dwell times (4800 s) and the high-time and -frequency resolutions (100 μs/10-kHz) exchange a large survey speed (∼ 450 deg2 h–1) for high computational cost. The survey covers the entire sky south of +30° in declination through a series of dedicated observing campaigns, accumulating nearly four petabytes of data. The large volumes of data and the processing challenges at low frequencies necessitate data processing to be approached in multiple phases, and the initial searches focused on a first-pass (shallow) survey of parts of the skies, as reported in earlier papers in this series. These data are also processed for re-detections of hundreds of known pulsars in the southern sky, many of which are also the first detections at frequencies below 400 MHz. This paper is motivated by the need to address the inherent difficulties (for the wider community) in handling large amounts of voltage data and software/processing challenges for routine pulsar detections, and also by the fast-evolving landscape of the SKA Observatory (SKAO).With the construction and commissioning ramping up towards the full-scale SKA-Low, a low-frequency catalogue of detectable pulsars in the southern sky will prove to be a valuable reference for the science verification exercise. A growing sample of low-frequency pulsar detections and measurements will also prove invaluable in a variety of science applications including population studies, survey simulations and emission beam models, refining interstellar medium models for electron densities and the spatial distribution of turbulence, and also for forecasting the detection prospects and survey yield from pulsar surveys planned with SKA-Low. We also present an electronic catalogue of various data products, including pulse profiles, time series and multi-channel folded archives, along with the measurements of dispersion and rotation measures, and mean flux densities for the detected pulsars, and this will be periodically updated as more detections flow on from the ongoing data processing.

This article follows the bicycle journeys of Fanny Bullock and William Hunter Workman as they cycled through the imperial spaces of Algeria, Sri Lanka, and India between 1894 and 1899. It thinks through how a new technology of personal mobility shaped the Workmans’ experience of the world and seeks to better understand the ways the forces of empire both produced and influenced their outlooks. In these spaces of European empire, Fanny Bullock Workman crafted a sense of New Womanhood rooted in the politics of gendered ability and racial superiority that was given intense meaning by a technology socialized as a way to gain authentic experiences of both the past and present. By looking at the ways people moved through overlapping imperial modalities, this article argues, historians can better access the American experience of the world at a granular level.

This paper focuses on Meiji Japan's annexation of the Ryukyus as seen through the eyes of key Western diplomats in the 1870s. Although it played out over seven years, the annexation process unfolded relatively smoothly on the international stage. One reason for this was the skill with which Japanese diplomats handled inquiries and potential protests by Western diplomats. In this article, I show that, as early as 1872, leading members of the Meiji government were gaining familiarity with the nuances of Western diplomatic maneuvering. Indeed, in some ways the annexation functioned as a rehearsal for future diplomatic challenges the regime would face. In retrospect, it offers an excellent lens through which to view Japanese diplomacy of the 1870s.

This article examines the evolving role of English in Morocco’s linguistic landscape, historically dominated by Arabic and French. It explores the socio-political, educational, and economic drivers behind the rise of English, particularly in the context of global integration efforts. Drawing on policy analysis, recent academic studies, and local practices, the paper investigates the growing prominence of English in higher education, the private sector, digital entrepreneurship, and youth culture. The analysis concludes that English is not replacing French but rather reshaping Morocco’s sociolinguistic landscape.

This study investigates the constructed meanings and symbolic functions of the Chinese English buzzword ‘city walk’, which has evolved into a significant cultural phenomenon for young urbanites in China. The term gained popularity as the COVID‑19 pandemic catalyzed the emergence of micro‑tourism. Drawing on an adapted framework of the symbolic power of language (Kramsch 2020), the researchers conducted a thematic analysis of the metapragmatic discourse of ‘city walk’ from Xiaohongshu, a popular Chinese social media platform. The findings reveal two key symbolic dimensions: (1) ‘city walk’ functions as a symbol of global imagination and cultural taste, with its meaning reconstructed to index users’ pursuit of fashion and cosmopolitanism; and (2) it serves as a form of ritual resistance against the ‘sense of powerlessness’ against societal pressures like overwork culture, while its resistive meaning has been complicated by its subsequent incorporation into consumerism and tourism promotion narratives. These findings reveal how ‘city walk’ functions as a symbolic resource for young people to articulate and negotiate complex identities that bridge global imaginations and specific local socio‑economic contexts, underscoring language’s role as a dynamic mirror of social change.

We identify a novel pathway that links financial globalization to politics. We emphasize the effect of globalization on the relationship between governments and domestic business owners, who, like all borrowers, are subject to “Global Credit Cycles” originating from the U.S. Downturns in these cycles, stemming from high U.S. interest rates, reduce credit availability, depress asset prices, and broadly worsen the outlook for private sector profits. While politicians have limited power to address the underlying financial conditions, they can adopt business-friendly politics to signal their willingness to compensate firms for the higher borrowing costs driven by higher U.S. interest rates. We support our argument with evidence from party manifestos across 59 countries, covering 1963 to 2017. Our paper documents a new connection between global credit cycles and party positions during an era of largely unrestricted capital mobility.

Biodesign education increasingly engages with living and bio-based materials whose temporal, relational, and ecological properties challenge established modes of material archiving and teaching. Conventional material libraries, oriented toward stabilisation and preservation, are poorly equipped to address growth, contamination, and decay as constitutive material processes. This paper proposes a reconceptualisation of material libraries as living material archives: dynamic epistemic infrastructures that foreground transformation, care, and finitude rather than control. Drawing on feminist technoscience and material culture studies, the paper develops three conceptual lenses – cross-contamination, sympoiesis, and the website as garden – to examine how material and digital archives can support situated knowledge production in biodesign education. These perspectives are grounded in a detailed case study of the Living Library, a hybrid analogue–digital teaching project developed at the Karlsruhe University of Arts and Design. The paper demonstrates how temporary, process-oriented archives can operationalise ecological responsibility, disciplinary openness, and regenerative learning practices.

Mechanical cultivation can utilize more than one type of weed control implement in the same pass. Implements may even be synergistically “stacked” to maximize efficacy. However, in previous trials, stacked setups caused unacceptable damage to crops. In this study, several changes to previously used cultivation setups were made, including adding global positioning system guidance, using sweeps rather than torsion weeders, and spacing the implements farther from the crop. In test crops of snap beans and beets, stacked three-tool combinations resulted in greater weed-control efficacy with no significant decrease in the survival of well-established crops – thereby providing improved selectivity. Within one-, two-, or three-tool categories, there were few differences, except that the harrow-type implements were often less aggressive than the other tools. Combining all our trials, the crop-to-weed height ratio appeared to be a main driver of intrarow cultivation success, but stacking still provided a benefit. Specifically, to achieve successful cultivation with 80% weed control and 5% or less crop mortality, we modeled that one, two, and three tool combinations required crop-to-weed height ratios of at least 6.2, 5.6, and 3.6, respectively. Based on these trials, farmers may improve their cultivation selectivity by creating conditions in which their crops are as large as possible relative to weeds and by using precisely guided, stacked cultivation implements adjusted to minimize contact with crops.

Time-varying coefficient modeling (TVCM), which represents regression coefficients as smooth functions of continuous time, provides a flexible framework for uncovering complex patterns of change in levels and associations in intensive longitudinal data. However, conventional TVCM remains limited to investigating directional effects across individuals. By introducing a TVCM formulation of the multivariate normal distribution, the present study extends TVCM to explore change in undirected associations (couplings) and variability, thereby broadening its utility for psychological research. We discuss three versions of this approach: an aggregate-level model and two hierarchical versions capturing interindividual differences in unfolding change, either via person-specific intercepts accounting for onset differences or through fully person-specific coefficient functions smoothed via partial pooling. To illustrate the proposed developments, we apply them to six weeks of intensive longitudinal data from 16 anxiety patients undergoing therapy and examine unfolding changes in the level and volatility of nervousness and threat monitoring, their coupling, as well as between-person heterogeneity in each of these. We further show how inspecting first-order derivatives of the coefficient functions supports identifying periods of stability and change. Finally, we discuss extensions incorporating person-level characteristics to explain heterogeneity in patterns of change and predict outcomes.