This article examines media discourse about commuting travel time in Australia’s two largest metropolitan areas – Sydney and Melbourne – between 1970 and 2000. In major newspapers from each of the cities, reportage and commentary conveyed expanding commuting geographies oriented towards the mass pursuit of home ownership enabled by public policy and reflective of pluralism around households’ time use preferences. In a period when time use was widely understood as increasingly pressured, the choices available to households were frequently portrayed as responding to a wide range of opportunities but co-existed with discourses of market-driven compromise and consequences.

Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park, located in Macon, Georgia, is one of the most iconic cultural sites in the Southeast and is a Traditional Cultural Place (TCP) of the Muscogee Nation and other federally recognized Tribal Nations. Early work (1933–1941) revealed a network of earthen monuments and other features. Prior to our work, there were only two radiocarbon dates from the primary Native American occupation of Ocmulgee. Both were run in the 1960s—and only one is from the famous Earthlodge community building. These assays contributed to a general chronological assignment of the site to AD 1015. Our new dating program—including wiggle-matched radiocarbon dates from one of the timbers of this building—indicates a later construction for the Earthlodge and likely continuous occupation for other areas of the site, calling into question beliefs about Ocmulgee and its place in interpretative constructs. This work is a collaborative effort that includes Muscogee Nation, academics, National Park Service archaeologists, and private citizens. The results have implications for understanding not only the Muskogean-speaking people’s histories and their relationship to TCPs but also how we can begin to conduct archaeology in a way that strengthens descendants’ connections to ancestral homelands.

We consider the following problem

\begin{equation*}\varepsilon^{2 s} P_{\hat{h}}^s u+u=u^p, \quad u \gt 0 \quad \text {on } \,(M, \hat{h}),\end{equation*}

$(X, g^{+})$

$(M,[\hat{h}])$

$s\in (0,1)$

$P_{\hat{h}}^s$

$1 \lt p \lt \frac{n+2s}{n-2s}$

$\varepsilon$

$C^1$

$H$

$0 \lt s \lt {1}/{2}$

$C^1$

${1}/{2}\le s \lt 1$

The fetus and neonate are especially vulnerable to toxic effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), that have been shown to perturb behavioral and neuropsychological development. This study aimed to examine the long-term effects of developmental exposure to PCBs. Doses selected were environmentally relevant to those found in epidemiological studies, on the central nervous system (CNS) of adult rat offspring. Pregnant Sprague Dawley rats were fed cookies that contained a mixture of fourteen PCBs or vehicle (corn oil) daily. PCB doses were 0.011 mg/kg maternal body weight/day (“low”) or 1.10 mg/kg maternal body weight/day (“high”), for 42 days throughout gestation and lactation. Adult offspring were euthanized on postnatal day 450. A battery of immunohistochemical markers of brain structure and function were selected to assess possible effects of developmental PCB exposure. Using a 3×2 factorial design (treatment and sex), two-way analysis of variance revealed significant effects of treatment through the CNS, with no main effect of sex or interaction effects. In comparison with controls, both low and high dose developmental PCB exposure significantly (p < 0.05) increased inhibitory enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67) immunoreactivity in the cerebellar vermis, and decreased lipofuscin autofluorescence in the locus coeruleus (LC). Low dose developmental PCB exposure significantly decreased the perimeter of endothelial cells in the periaqueductal gray, ventral orbitofrontal cortex; and decreased lipofuscin in the dorsal striatum, compared to controls. Findings support the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease concept, which broadly posits that early-life perturbations may influence health trajectories over the lifespan.

The knowledge of the Social Determinants of Health (SDH) approach implies Health in All Policies and thorough cultural and social transformations, as well as whole-of-government, whole-of-society policies and governance to address health inequities. Nonetheless, this article argues that in the currently dominant rational decision-making model in health policymaking, these policy implications from the knowledge of the SDH approach would lead to an intrinsic contradiction with the logic of modern bureaucracy based on the legal authority as suggested by Max Weber. Using two examples of social determinants of health — universal health coverage and housing issues — this article demonstrates the potential of the polis model proposed by Deborah Stone to take advantage of the knowledge of the SDH approach to pursue structural policy interventions.

This methodological study investigated how the distribution of training sessions—massed, equal spacing, and expanding spacing—affects L2 phonetic learning, focusing on Mandarin-speaking learners’ perception of the English /ɛ/–/æ/ contrast. While most previous phonetic training studies have used massed schedules, the current quasi-experimental design revealed that both types of spaced practice significantly outperformed massed practice in terms of immediate gains and long-term retention. Effect sizes in the spaced groups were approximately double those of the massed group. No significant differences emerged between equal and expanding spacing. These findings suggest that distributed practice—regardless of spacing type—can enhance both the magnitude and durability of L2 phonetic learning. Crucially, this study makes it possible to revisit past findings based on massed training paradigms and to consider whether adopting alternative timing schedules could unlock greater learning potential—for instance, by doubling the size and durability of training effects through the use of spaced conditions.

Several studies have been published studying association between parental low birth weight (BW) and neonatal outcomes of their children. To date no systematic review and meta-analysis (SRM) has been published to quantify the impact of maternal and paternal BW on outcomes in the next generation. The aim of this SRM was to analyse the association between parental BW and anthropometric and metabolic outcomes in their children.

Electronic databases were searched for studies documenting BW of parents and children with neonatal outcomes. Primary outcome was to evaluate impact of parental BW on occurrence of LBW in children. Secondary outcomes were to assess impact of parental BW on occurrence of macrosomia, small for gestational age (SGA), preterm labour/delivery, and burden of non-communicable disease in later life.

We screened 54,961 articles, data from 14 studies (320,515 parent–child pairs), which fulfilled all criteria, were analysed. Maternal LBW was associated with higher chances of neonatal LBW [odds ratio (OR)1.95 (95% CI:1.56–2.46); P < 0.01; I2 = 91%], neonatal SGA [OR 2.29(95% CI:1.72–3.05); P < 0.01; I2 = 37%], lower chances of neonatal macrosomia [OR 0.50 (95% CI:0.39–0.65); P < 0.01; I2 = 35%] and had no impact on preterm labour/delivery [OR1.20(95% CI:0.67–2.16); P = 0.53; I2 = 88%]. Maternal macrosomia was associated with higher neonatal macrosomia [OR 2.66 (95% CI:2.44–3.16); P < 0.01; I2 = 48%], lower SGA [OR 0.40(95% CI:0.29–0.53); P < 0.01; I2 = 0%] and preterm labour/delivery [OR 0.77 (95% CI:0.63–0.94); P < 0.01; I2 = 4%]. Paternal but not maternal LBW was predictor of metabolic syndrome and diabetes in adulthood.

Maternal LBW is an important predictor of LBW and SGA in neonates. Maternal macrosomia is an important predictor of neonatal macrosomia; is protective against SGA and preterm labour/childbirth. Neonatal size of parents is reflected in neonatal size of their children.

The Royal College of Psychiatrists was established in 1971 with psychiatric training as its core business. Drawing on a feature written by a former president in 2000, this editorial is a reflection on how his predictions played out in the real-life practice of psychiatry and the suggested way forward.

Political parties in Europe are undergoing profound transformations, with many abandoning traditional brands. This study analyzes party names as indicators of ideological and organizational change, combining an original content analysis across 28 European countries (1945–2023) with two conjoint survey experiments. We find that “nonparty” names have become the majority, reflecting a shift away from ideology toward alternative forms of identification. While movement names appear in wavelike patterns linked to protest cycles, such as after the 2008 Great Recession, nonclassical names are especially prevalent among new, opposition, and right-wing parties. However, a paradox emerges: despite their growing adoption, nonclassical names do not easily yield the anticipated electoral benefits, as new parties seem to gain little from abandoning classical naming conventions. By tracing long-term naming trends and integrating survey-based experimental evidence, we advance debates on party transformation, political branding, and the evolving interplay between electoral and movement politics in contemporary democracies.

In this article, we evaluate (a) which major life events (MLEs) in the personal domain (relocation, new friendship, romantic relationship, marriage, parenthood, and grandparenthood) impact on perceived linguistic change among 309 Austrians, and (b) which quantitatively and qualitatively captured individual differences affect this relationship. Bayesian regression modeling revealed that age at the time of the MLE and proficiency in (non)standard varieties were particularly predictive of individual-level perceived linguistic change, as were psychological factors such as event-related characteristics and psychological resilience. Qualitative analyses focusing on whether individuals reported an MLE-related strengthened orientation towards vernacularity or standard language illustrated that individual-level perceived linguistic change was mediated by a complex constellation of MLE-resultant changes in social networks and socioaffective factors.*

Preserving viable infective stages of chicken ascarids under laboratory conditions facilitates the maintenance of characterized nematode strains for research purposes. We investigated the survivability of Ascaridia galli eggs exposed to low temperatures and the cryoprotectant dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Two egg developmental stages (unembryonated or fully embryonated) were stored at 4°C, –20°, or –80°C in sterile water or with 5% and 10% DMSO for 1, 2, 4, or 8 weeks. Egg survival was assessed by morphology following post-storage incubation in 0.1 N H2SO4 at 26°C for unembryonated eggs or with a viability dye exclusion test of hatched larvae for the embryonated eggs. The results revealed that neither DMSO nor the hardy chitinous eggshell protected eggs from freezing damage, and not a single egg survived even for 1 week of storage at –20° or –80°C. DMSO at 10% significantly reduced (P < 0.0001) overall egg survival and embryonation capacity with increasing storage time at 4°C compared to water alone. For both egg developmental stages, egg survival was maintained in 5% DMSO at a rate similar to that in water alone. Unembryonated A. galli eggs survived refrigeration better than embryonated eggs with larval viability declining linearly at almost a double rate in the latter (9.75%/week) compared to the former (5.64 %/week). We conclude that DMSO is unlikely to provide cryoprotection for A. galli eggs and also causes concentration-dependent toxicity with increasing exposure time. Furthermore, survival during refrigeration is better for unembryonated than embryonated eggs.

This article furthers our understanding of commercial fishing on the lower Tiber during the Republic and Principate, arguing for a robust industry in the center of Rome. Literary references to the lupus fish and a fishing site “between the bridges” direct attention to the area of the river around the Cloaca Maxima and Tiber Island. Situating intensive fishing there requires reconciliation with other commercial uses of the river, a common-pool resource shared by users with divergent and competing needs. Epigraphic evidence offers insight into professional associations and attendant relationships that were leveraged in favor of the interests of both fishermen and barge operators. I contend that two separate navigation zones existed, to the north and to the south of Tiber Island, and that transport barges venturing inland from Ostia did not navigate beyond Rome’s southern wharves. This system enabled fishing and barge traffic to coexist, protecting numerous interests and allowing for the unimpeded transportation of goods.

The results of the taxonomic, taphonomic, and paleoecological analyses of Late Pleistocene micromammals from the Salto de Piedra paleontological locality are presented in this paper. Our results support the conclusion that the microfaunal remains were mainly accumulated by diurnal raptors in areas close to where the remains were deposited, as there is no evidence of transport. Taxonomically, the recovered micromammals include rodents currently inhabiting the Humid Pampa (Calomys cf. C. musculinus-laucha, Ctenomys sp., and Reithrodon auritus) and species that became extinct during the Late Pleistocene (Microcavia cf. M. robusta) and Holocene (Galea tixiensis). Additionally, remains of the Patagonian marsupial Lestodelphys halli and the amphibious sigmodontine Holochilus brasiliensis were identified. These analyses, along with the paleoecological and malacological studies at Salto de Piedra, confirm a trend toward increased humidity, consistent with the paleoenvironmental evidence documented for the region at the end of the Pleistocene. This study of the central Humid Pampa based on this small mammal record is of particular interest for interpreting the paleoenvironmental and paleoecological scenario, coinciding with the arrival of the first humans in the area and the extinction of the megafauna.