Programmes focused on buffer zones (BZs) and park revenue-sharing (PRS) are aimed at sharing protected area (PA) benefits with local communities to meet their development needs and, in turn, improve the PA–people relationship. However, whether and how these programmes improve public attitudes towards PAs is little understood. We assessed how residents perceive the benefit and burdens of Nepal’s BZ programme, which shares up to 50% of PA revenue with communities, and how this process relates to their perceptions of change in the PA–people relationship since the BZ programme was implemented. Survey results from 2122 households in the BZs of six PAs showed that residents’ perceptions of PA–people relationships had improved since the BZ programme’s implementation. Furthermore, the perceived trend in the PA–people relationship was positively related to the perception of benefits and satisfaction with coordination between the PA and local government; it was negatively related to perceived burdens of BZ-related laws in rural development, history of damage/loss from wildlife and misunderstandings of the purpose behind BZ funds being given to local communities. These findings provide valuable insights for PA managers in Nepal and worldwide in designing new or improving existing mechanisms of benefit-sharing with local people and to improve PA–people relationships.

A survey of advanced practice clinicians (APCs), physicians, residents, and medical students at an academic medical center and community practices in southeastern Texas revealed a gap in knowledge and practice related to testing and treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) in older adults.

The aim of this review is to highlight the key issues in relation to food insecurity among children and young people living in Scotland. It provides an overview of the current context of food insecurity more generally within the UK and specifically in Scotland. Food insecurity has risen in Scotland evidenced through responses to national surveys and the dramatic increase in households relying on emergency food provision. Food insecurity is highest among young people, single parent families and single men. The key drivers of food insecurity include insufficient income, welfare reform, food inflation and geo-political events. Evidence suggests that food insecurity is negatively related to sufficient nutritional intake, and the implications for physical and mental health are profound. Policy actions implemented to mitigate the impact of food insecurity on children and young people include the introduction of the Scottish Child Payment, food voucher schemes, free school meals, and holiday food provision. Further evidence is required to evaluate the success of these policies in reducing or mitigating food insecurity. The review concludes by considering the ways in which a rights-based approach to food might benefit children and young people living in Scotland, and argues that wider systemic change is required.

The stakes of feminist activism, and the fault lines within feminism, have a newfound significance in this cultural moment. In response to the fall of Roe, the ascendancy of incendiary far-right politics, and the mainstreaming of white-supremacist ideologies, grassroots feminist activism and its impacts have never mattered more. When reading Rachel Seidman's Speaking of Feminism and Arielle Rotramel's Pushing Back, both books that feature interviews and ethnographic work on feminists and feminist groups prior to the 2016 election (Seidman interviewed participants from 2014 to 2016, and Rotramel worked on this material primarily from 2007 to 2011), the gap between the pre- and post-2016 realities seems ever more stark. These books highlight feminisms just prior to the series of aggressive assaults that feminism (and all forms of social justice) would face following the 2016 US presidential election. Both serve as a kind of warning—feminists of all ages understood the hazards of fusing misogyny and white supremacy—and as capturing the histories of feminist activism before the cascade of traumas that would ensue from 2016 to the present day. In this way, feminist ethnographic work and interviews with activists operate as time capsules with unique relevance to the genealogical structure of feminist history and activism. By foregrounding women-of-color-led activisms in particular, historians can trace in this period the movement from theorizing about intersectionality to enacting feminist activisms that draw from experiences of marginalization. The significance of feminist work that built on, and contributed to, theorizing about intersecting identities and interlocking oppressions is brought boldly to life in these two texts.

This article analyses the structure and changes of large companies based on a new database of the 200 largest non-financial firms operating from 1913 to 1971 in Argentina. The main contribution of the research consists of the elaboration of the rankings of the 200 largest companies according to their paid-up capital between 1913 and 1971 and the construction of a database of large companies based on homogeneous sources and criteria. The study identifies the long-lasting presence of family-based diversified business groups and foreign multinationals from the first global period to the end of Import Substitution Industrialisation. It also shows that the presence of foreign companies among the 200 largest firms is higher than that identified in other countries. The study constitutes the first comprehensive research into big business in Argentina until the 1970s and a first attempt to identify the life cycles of the largest companies in Argentina.

The relationship between international and domestic law in Indonesia is the subject of prolonged debate caused by the silence of the Indonesian Constitution on the choice between monism and dualism, which affects constitutional adjudication. This article discusses how the Constitutional Court engages with international law in its decisions and how the debate between monism and dualism is affected by it. It argues that the practice of the Court falls neither within the traditional scope of monism nor dualism but tends to be eclectic, which can be termed pragmatic monism. Here, the Court considers an international treaty part of domestic law upon ratification. However, its contents are only applicable if they are consistent with the Constitution, the highest law in the country. Nevertheless, such pragmatism is not without consequences where the consistency of the constitutional system as a whole is compromised for the instrumentality of its individual decisions on societal well-being.

This 20-year prospective study examined verbal aggression and intense conflict within the family of origin and between adolescents and their close friends as predictors of future verbal aggression in adult romantic relationships. A diverse community sample of 154 individuals was assessed repeatedly from age 13 to 34 years using self-, parent, peer, and romantic partner reports. As hypothesized, verbal aggression in adult romantic relationships was best predicted by both paternal verbal aggression toward mothers and by intense conflict within adolescent close friendships, with each factor contributing unique variance to explaining adult romantic verbal aggression. These factors also interacted, such that paternal verbal aggression was predictive of future romantic verbal aggression only in the context of co-occurring intense conflict between an adolescent and their closest friend. Predictions remained robust even after accounting for levels of parental abusive behavior toward the adolescent, levels of physical violence between parents, and the overall quality of the adolescent’s close friendship. Results indicate the critical importance of exposure to aggression and conflict within key horizontal relationships in adolescence. Implications for early identification of risk as well as for potential preventive interventions are discussed.

Geologic repositories for spent nuclear fuel use bentonite as a buffer to protect the metallic containers confining the radioactive material. Sulfate-reducing bacteria, which may be present in groundwater, at the bentonite–host rock interface or eventually within the bentonite may produce sulfide, representing a potential threat for the metallic canisters, particularly copper. Bentonites can act as potential sulfide scavengers. Little is yet known, however, regarding the underlying mechanisms, the maximum extent of sulfide consumption, and the potential impacts on bentonite structure under repository conditions. In the current study, concentrated (4–150 mM) sulfide solutions were reacted in batch experiments with six natural Fe-bearing bentonites, with various purified Fe-bearing components of bentonite (a series of purified montmorillonites and three iron (oxyhydr)oxides), and with one synthetic mixture, for up to 1.5 months at pH values ranging from 7 to 13. The solutions were analyzed by colorimetry to determine sulfide and polysulfide concentrations and the solids were analyzed by 57Fe Mössbauer spectrometry to determine iron speciation. Important sulfide consumption coupled with a reduction of structural Fe in the clay samples was observed. Not all clay structural Fe was reactive toward sulfide; the proportion of active structural Fe depended on the clay structure and pH. In the presence of excess sulfide in solution regarding Fe in the solid sample, the clay structural Fe was found to be the main reactant while the reaction with iron (oxyhydr)oxides was largely inhibited. Three bentonite groups were distinguished, based on the sulfide oxidation capacity of their main clayey component.

I respond to Karin de Boer, Thomas Land, and Claudio La Rocca’s comments on Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason and the Method of Metaphysics (CUP 2023). I first provide a quick outline of some of the main claims I make in the book.  I then directly address their criticisms, which I group into three categories. The first group of comments raises doubts concerning my characterization of the central tasks of the critique of pure reason. The second targets the fact that I downplay faculty analysis as an essential characteristic of the critique. The third has to do with my claim that the Critique of Pure Reason aims to show that metaphysics is capable of architectonic unity, where this unity is only achievable when we construe metaphysics according to the worldly concept of philosophy.

We consider inference for possibly misspecified GMM models based on possibly nonsmooth moment conditions. While it is well known that misspecified GMM estimators with smooth moments remain $\sqrt {n}$ consistent and asymptotically normal, globally misspecified nonsmooth GMM estimators are $n^{1/3}$ consistent when either the weighting matrix is fixed or when the weighting matrix is estimated at the $n^{1/3}$ rate or faster. Because the estimator’s nonstandard asymptotic distribution cannot be consistently estimated using the standard bootstrap, we propose an alternative rate-adaptive bootstrap procedure that consistently estimates the asymptotic distribution regardless of whether the GMM estimator is smooth or nonsmooth, correctly or incorrectly specified. Monte Carlo simulations for the smooth and nonsmooth cases confirm that our rate-adaptive bootstrap confidence intervals exhibit empirical coverage close to the nominal level.

This article aims to better understand how Negative Polarity Items (NPIs) come into existence and how they change over time. It argues that an expression can become an NPI if its semantics makes it pragmatically useful in negative or downward entailing contexts, often because the meaning leads to pragmatic strength, but sometimes because its semantics leads to pragmatic attenuation. Special attention is given to two patterns involving pragmatic strength that can emerge historically: Negative Concord (NC) and what I call NPI Dualization. Both patterns, I argue, involve a pairing between an NPI that has an existential-like or low scalar semantics with a homophonous but semantically different expression with a freer distribution; the homophone is semantically negative in Negative Concord but semantically universal in NPI Dualization. The article argues that pragmatic strength plays an important role in the history of NPIs, both in their origin and in NPI Dualization, but is not directly relevant for their licensing synchronically. Instead, it argues for a return to the view that NPIs are lexically marked by a semantically meaningless distributional feature that needs to be valued syntactically. On a conceptual level, the article argues that historical shifts may be matters of likelihood.

We prove new results concerning the additive Galois module structure of wildly ramified non-abelian extensions $K/\mathbb{Q}$ with Galois group isomorphic to $A_4$, $S_4$, $A_5$, and dihedral groups of order $2p^n$ for certain prime powers $p^n$. In particular, when $K/\mathbb{Q}$ is a Galois extension with Galois group $G$ isomorphic to $A_4$, $S_4$ or $A_5$, we give necessary and sufficient conditions for the ring of integers $\mathcal{O}_{K}$ to be free over its associated order in the rational group algebra $\mathbb{Q}[G]$.

The employment of clay minerals in the transport of water, nutrients, and contaminants depends on a few factors, including permeability, hydration behavior, ion-exchange efficiency, and more. With the application of external stress, it is still difficult to understand how clay particles swell and collapse, how water is retained, how hydration heterogeneities are formed within crystallites, and how interlamellar space is organized. The present work studied the link between geochemical, thermal, kinetic constraints (established at the laboratory scale), and intrinsic clay features by exchanging Na-rich montmorillonite (SWy2) with Ni2+, Mg2+, or Zn2+ cations. By comparing the experimental 00l reflections with the calculated reflections obtained from the structural models, quantitative X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis has enabled the building of a theoretical profile describing the layer stacking mode (LSM) and allowed the description of interlayer space (IS) configuration along the c* axis. Regardless of the type of the exchangeable cations (EC), XRD modeling revealed that all samples exhibited interstratified hydration behavior within the crystallite size, which probably indicates partial or incomplete saturation of the IS. This theoretical result was defined by the appearance of two hydration states (1W and 2W), which were unrelated to the strain strength creating a higher degree of structural heterogeneity. Using the theoretical decomposition of the observed XRD patterns, the identification of all distinct layer populations and their stacking mode was achieved. The segregated LSM are, therefore, obviously superior as a function of stress strength.

Relatively little is known regarding factors that may mitigate the strength of the associations between forms of aggressive behavior and peer victimization. The goal of the current study was to investigate prosocial behavior as a moderator of these links over a 2-year period during middle childhood. Participants included 410 third-grade students (53% boys) and their homeroom teachers. Results indicated that prosocial behavior was associated with lower initial levels of victimization, whereas relational aggression was associated with higher initial levels of victimization. Physical aggression predicted more stable patterns of victimization over time, and prosocial behavior moderated the prospective link from relational aggression to peer victimization; specifically, relational aggression predicted decreases in victimization at higher levels of prosocial behavior and more stable patterns over time when levels of prosocial behavior were low. Further, gender differences were observed in the moderating effect of prosocial behavior on the prospective link from physical aggression to peer victimization, such that it served as a risk factor for boys and a protective factor for girls.