This essay memorializes William E. Leuchtenburg (1922–2025), who over the course of his long, distinguished career made numerous significant contributions to policy history, presidential history, and the history profession in general.

Under current Dutch regulations, accurate assessment of the amount of P secreted in milk is essential, as it determines manure P output. The two main aims were: 1) to predict P content in bovine milk using a broad range of predictor variables, and 2) to obtain predicted milk P contents representative of the Dutch dairy cow population. A secondary objective was to evaluate seasonal variation in milk P content. Weekly bulk milk samples (week 14 in 2017 up until week 13 in 2018) were collected from 14 dairy plants located across the Netherlands and pooled per week as representative samples of Dutch bovine milk. Milk samples were analysed for macronutrients and mineral contents. The mean P content of milk was 101.2 mg/100 g, and significant seasonal variation was observed, with the highest values found during winter and the lowest during summer. The contents of fat, protein, casein, Ca, Mg and Mn in milk were found to be highly correlated with the milk P content. The preferred multiple regression equation to predict the milk P content (mg/100 g) included the predictor variables milk fat (g/100 g), Ca (mg/100 g) and K (mg/100 g), viz. milk P content = – 58.6 (± 14.09) + 0.28 (± 0.104) × Ca + 11.46 (± 2.559) × fat + 0.48 (± 0.094) × K, and explained 80% of the variation (R2adj) in milk P content. The contribution of milk K content to explain variation in milk P content cannot be physiologically explained.

A series of experiments comparing winter wheat, rye and triticale varieties andbreeding lines was carried out during 1981-3.

In two experiments on good arable soils and in the absence of inter-plotcompetition, lodging and differential disease incidence, the greatest grain yields were obtained from the semi-dwarf winter wheat variety Norman. The best triticales gave yields similar to those of the winter wheat varieties which lacked the semi-dwarfing gene, though they were somewhat taller than the wheat. Total above-ground dry matter (biomass) yields were generally similar for the best wheat and triticale varieties. A triticale breeding line with the Rht3, dwarfing gene was considerably shorter than the others, all of which had the Rht1, allele, but it had lower grain yield and biomass than either theRht1, triticale or the winter wheat variety of comparable height.

In a third experiment on a loamy sand, the triticales gave 16% greater grain and 23% greater biomass yields than the three wheat varieties tested. However, as disease control in the wheat was not fully effective in this experiment, the yield advantage of the triticales may have been exaggerated.

In one of the experiments, in which different rates of fertilizer nitrogen were given, the rye and triticales were as responsive to the fertilizer as were the wheat varieties.

It is concluded that, given comparable selection for high yield, triticale varieties could be produced in the U.K. which would be capable of yielding as much as the highest yielding varieties of winter wheat. The triticales tested grow more rapidly during the winter and flowered earlier than the wheat varieties. Provided that improved triticales retained these characteristics they would be more likely than winter wheat to escape the effects of summer drought, and so be more suitable for light soils.

This note addresses a grammatical objection, first raised by Torstrik, to the transmitted text of Aristotle’s De anima 3.7, namely that the text contains at 431a4–7 a μέν without a corresponding δέ (or another adversative particle). Rejecting Corcilius’s suggestion that this is a μέν solitarium, the note shows that modest repunctuation reveals a responding δέ and makes better sense of this part of the text.

This paper explores the moral import of Kant’s theory of the beautiful in relation to his systematic aim of bridging the gulf between nature and freedom. The aim is to preserve the importance of the beautiful – whether natural or artistic – while also accounting for Kant’s emphasis on the pre-eminence of natural beauty. Drawing on Kant’s distinction between intellectual and empirical interest in the beautiful, this paper argues that only natural beauty enables a transition to the supersensible both within the subject and externally. It concludes by examining whether intellectual interest in natural beauty might be regarded as a duty.

Four new species of Poecilosclerida (Porifera, Demospongiae) assigned to the genera Latrunculia and Iophon are described from South Africa and Namibia, located in the Namaqua ecoregion. The Porifera occurring along the continental shelf within this ecoregion are relatively well-known, with 76 species formally described in previous literature. Of these, 35 species belong to the Order Poecilosclerida. Additionally, Latrunculia (Aciculatrunculia) biformis is reported from the continental shelf on the west coast of South Africa, extending its range further northwards into the South Atlantic. DNA barcoding and molecular phylogenetic analyses were employed to ensure accurate taxonomic assignment and designation of new species.

Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) is a condition characterised by an avoidance or restriction of food intake that has a detrimental impact on physical health, psychosocial functioning or both. ARFID has now been classified in ICD-11, alongside DSM-5; however, challenges remain for healthcare professionals in recognising ARFID in young people and identifying best practice for managing their care. This educational article aims to provide an update on the epidemiology and clinical presentation of ARFID in children and young people, with a particular focus on co-occurring neurodevelopmental conditions and psychiatric disorders. A multidisciplinary approach to assessment and management is key, working closely with the young person and the system around them. Physical and psychosocial risk assessment has been aided by the publication of the medical emergencies in eating disorders (MEED) guidelines. Crucially, there is a need for further research into ARFID in order to develop evidence-based standardised guidelines for assessment, management and transition to adult services if required.

Crystal cells in echinoderms have been described in the literature as a type of coelomocyte (immune cell) containing a crystalline structure. Their putative function has been widely ascribed to osmoregulation but this assertion was never robustly tested. In the present paper, a review of crystal cells and crystalline structures provides evidence supporting a different identity and function. First, the same microcrystals can be found either free or encapsulated by a cell membrane (with or without a structure resembling a nucleus). Specifically, they are typically non-encapsulated when found inside tissues of internal organs and encapsulated when free floating in the hydrovascular or perivisceral fluids. Although usually individually packaged, microcrystals were also observed encapsulated in groups of up to four, with or without other particles. Their morphological features, coupled with their chemical and optical properties, match that of microcrystals of uric acid, described in other phyla, including chordates. Two pathways of excretion of these crystallised by-products were evidenced: rejected with sea water out of the respiratory tree and expelled via transrectal coelomoducts among coelomocyte aggregates. Overall, the present synthesis strongly supports that ‘crystal cells’ historically described as a distinct type of coelomocyte in holothuroids are phagocytes that have engulfed uric acid microcrystals generated as waste by metabolic activities.

Lewin and colleagues’ article in this journal gives a good overview of how artificial intelligence (AI) is contributing to the reshaping of mental healthcare. However, a deeper focus on the synergies between different approaches to AI and its goals is needed. This commentary aims to further consider the unique implications of digital mental health approaches, including predictive, explainable and generative AI, for both research and clinical objectives.

After presenting Boyle’s appeal to the Sartrean notion of nonpositional self-awareness in explaining Evans’ “transparency fact” concerning self-knowledge, I argue that his explanation suffers a certain instability. To the extent that nonpositional self-awareness is taken to be a matter of first-order ‘transparent’ orientation to the world, Boyle’s suggestion concerning the character of explicit positional self-knowledge is compromised. On the other hand, to the extent that nonpositional awareness is regarded as a form of genuine self-awareness, his explanation overintellectualizes first-order mental states. I conclude by raising questions regarding Boyle’s success in providing a viable alternative to epistemic accounts of basic self-knowledge.

This essay examines the Army’s efforts to cultivate and gain congressional support for the GI Bill in the 1980s. Focusing on the relationship between Representative Sonny Montgomery, senior Army leaders like Maxwell R. Thurman and Robert Elton, and the staffers who worked for each of them, it illustrates the intentionality with which Army leaders worked to cultivate congressional support for and to head off congressional and presidential opposition to a bill that they saw as essential. Analyzing their public and private efforts at critical moments when the legislation was imperiled reveals that relations between the Army and Congress are more intricate than testimony at hearings and budget requests might reveal, that throughout the 1980s, Army leaders remained deeply concerned about sustaining the All-Volunteer Force, and that the ultimate success of that force and the legislation that helped ensure it rested with individuals who built and then leveraged personal relationships.

A chemical explosion and fire erupted in Conakry, Guinea, West Africa on December 18, 2023, destroying Guinea’s main fuel depot and resulting in 25 dead and 459 injured. Fifteen of the deaths occurred directly at the explosion site. Firefighters initiated efforts to control the blaze and transported injured, non-ambulatory victims to local hospitals with assistance from the military, Red Cross, and mining companies. Thirteen clinical facilities within an eight-mile radius of the explosion received burn and non-burn victims, with only one of these, Donka National Hospital, capable of handling burn victims. Many less seriously injured victims self-selected where they sought care, although anecdotal information indicates that an unknown number of injured did not seek care or chose to leave the city. The disaster marked the first time stakeholders from various sectors in the Guinean society (from first responders to mining companies) came together in a concerted response. Ranked 179th of 193 countries on the Human Development Index (HDI), the disaster rapidly outstripped Guinea’s response and health care capabilities, leaving behind economic shocks affecting livelihoods and the local economy. These experiences underscore the need for improved capabilities and coordination in disaster planning, warning and communication systems, and prehospital and hospital response in developing countries.