The density of a rational language can be understood as the frequency of some pattern in the shift space, for example, a pattern like ‘words with an even number of a given letter’. We study the density of group languages, that is, rational languages recognized by morphisms onto finite groups, inside shift spaces. We show that the density with respect to any given ergodic measure on a shift space exists for every group language, because it can be computed by using any ergodic lift of the given measure to a skew product between the shift space and the recognizing group. We then further study densities in shifts of finite type (with a suitable notion of irreducibility) and then in minimal shifts. In the latter case, we obtain a closed formula for the density under the condition that the aforementioned skew product has minimal closed invariant subsets that are ergodic under the product of the original measure and the uniform probability measure on the group. The formula is derived in part from a characterization of minimal closed invariant subsets for skew products between shifts and finite groups relying on notions of cocycles and coboundaries. In the case where the whole skew product is ergodic under the product measure, then the density is just the cardinality of the subset of the group that defines the language divided by the cardinality of the group. Moreover, we provide sufficient conditions for the skew product to have minimal closed invariant subsets that are ergodic under the product measure. Finally, we investigate the link between minimal closed invariant subsets, return words, and bifix codes.

In hospital corridors, nursing staff often call on to coworkers and enlist them for the realization of some practical activity, as part of their teamwork. Sometimes, the coparticipants produce a summons-answer (SA) sequence as a preliminary to the recruiting move, for instance the request. They thus check and display the summoned party’s availability for interaction, for talk, and for a new activity foretold by the summons. In this article, we show that they may also convey, through the SA sequence, some understanding of this activity’s nature and specificities. In this regard, we present practices that the summoned party deploys when enacting limited availability for the upcoming recruitment by continuing their current involvement, merely suspending it instead of abandoning it, and in some cases also displaying being disrupted. The data are video-recordings of nursing staff corridor interactions with coworkers in a hospital outpatient clinic in the French-speaking part of Switzerland. (Multimodal conversation analysis, summons-answer sequence, availability, recruitment, nurse, hospital corridor interaction)

The Hungarian Twin Registry (HTR) has operated as a population-based registry since 2021, following its establishment at Semmelweis University in Budapest. In recent years, the HTR infrastructure has been substantially expanded, including blood storage facilities, information technology systems, a phone bank and voicemail system, and administrative resources. Adult twins (aged ≥18 years) and relatives (parents, foster parents, or caregivers) of twins under 18 years of age can register via the registry’s website or by voicemail following a nationwide identification and notification process. The registration questionnaire consists of eight sections covering sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics, smoking habits, and medical history, including diseases, surgeries, and therapies. By December 20, 2025, a total of 12,676 twin individuals and their parents or guardians had registered, including 7244 adult twins and 5432 parents or guardians of minors. Based on self-reported data, 44.1% of registered adult twins were monozygotic (MZ) and 55.9% dizygotic (DZ), while among registered children 23.5% were MZ and 76.5% DZ. Of the registered adult twins, 68.4% were female. The HTR offers substantial potential for linkage with national health databases, enabling enrichment of phenotypic and outcome data without additional participant burden. In particular, linkage with the Hungarian National Cancer Registry and other health-related databases is feasible under appropriate ethical approval and data protection procedures and may support long-term follow-up and disease-specific analyses. The article also summarizes current research projects conducted within the HTR, which has become the largest population-based twin registry in Central and Eastern Europe based on the number of registrations.

Since the start of Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, Tbilisi has become one of the key destinations of post-2022 Russian emigration. Unlike in many other host societies, this arrival has been met in Georgia with pronounced public resistance, articulated through the language of occupation and anti-imperial refusal. Slogans such as “Russians go home” and references to a “third occupation” translate everyday Russian visibility – language use, spatial clustering, and lifestyle practices – into a historically saturated interpretive framework. This article examines how and why such interpretations have emerged in Tbilisi, and why hostility is frequently directed even at self-identified “good Russians” who oppose the war and the Russian regime. Empirically, the article draws on a mixed-method research design combining long-term ethnographic and digital observation with 30 semi-structured interviews conducted between 2022 and 2024 with young, urban, pro-European Georgians in Tbilisi. Rather than analysing migrants’ intentions or political self-identifications, the study centres the perspectives of the host society and the conditions through which Russian presence is interpreted. Analytically, it adopts a decolonial/postcolonial perspective and mobilises the concept of coloniality to distinguish between historical empire and the persistence of linguistic, cultural, and epistemic hierarchies after its formal end. The findings demonstrate this dynamic.

Fifty-three North American clinical paediatric exercise laboratories were surveyed about developing a clinical paediatric exercise laboratory network and registry. Most clinical paediatric exercise laboratories (83.0%) expressed interest in joining an exercise registry, and 73.1% reported willingness to modify protocols for standardised data collection. Clinical paediatric exercise laboratories reported potential registry benefits: CHD outcomes research, clinical paediatric exercise laboratory standardisation and accreditation; potential challenges: data entry burden, protocol selection restriction, and leadership support.

Precision medicine has a racial health disparities problem. Proponents of precision medicine claim it can combat health inequities, but precision medicine’s therapeutic products are exorbitantly expensive, creating a natural financial barrier to any systemic intervention. Defenders have suggested resolving this problem by shifting the focus of precision medicine research toward studying the social and environmental determinants of health. Where this proposed solution has been tried, however, it has led to the “methodological genomification” of health disparities. I’ll explain how this methodological genomification works and why it presents a real threat to research on the social and environmental determinants of health.

Deliberative democracy advocates argue that deliberation can strengthen democracy in part by reducing partisan hostility and affective polarization. Yet whether and why this holds remains relatively underexamined. This paper demonstrates that deliberation can reduce partisan animus by promoting engagement with out-partisan policy perspectives. This engagement builds cognitive empathy, increasing positive affect and tolerance toward out-partisans. Evidence is from an experiment in Honduras. Deliberators were randomly assigned to defend policies with which they agreed (own perspective) or disagreed (out-partisan perspective). Deliberation reduced affective polarization and out-partisan animus. These reductions were concentrated and more persistent in the out-partisan perspective group, while polarization increased modestly in the own-perspective group. The findings demonstrate that engagement with out-partisan policy viewpoints is an important causal mechanism driving deliberation’s impact while also highlighting the potential limits of deliberation and discussion in the absence of active engagement with out-group points of view.

Background: In patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease (CHD), aortopulmonary collateral arteries (APCAs) commonly develop as a compensatory source of pulmonary blood flow. However, APCAs increase pulmonary vascular resistance and ventricular preload, potentially complicating the establishment of Fontan circulation. Coil embolisation of APCAs is routinely performed before Fontan completion, but post-procedural fever is frequently observed and may delay subsequent surgery. This study aimed to identify factors associated with post-embolisation fever, with a particular focus on the influence of coil type. Methods and Results: We retrospectively reviewed 97 paediatric patients who underwent APCA coil embolisation between 2007 and 2023. Patients were categorised according to coil type: platinum coils only (P group, n = 52), both platinum and hydrogel coils (P–H group, n = 29), or hydrogel coils only (H group, n = 16). The incidence of post-embolisation fever (≥38°C) and inflammatory markers were compared among groups. Histopathological characteristics of embolised vessels were also assessed. Overall, post-embolisation fever occurred in 64% of patients. The incidence of fever was significantly lower in the H group (25.0%) than in the P group (73.0%) and P–H group (68.9%) (p < 0.01). C-reactive protein levels increased significantly after fever onset, whereas white blood cell counts showed no meaningful change. Histopathological evaluation demonstrated prominent fibrin deposition and inflammatory cell infiltration in vessels embolised with platinum coils, while vessels treated with hydrogel coils exhibited only mild inflammatory changes. Conclusions: Hydrogel coils were associated with a lower incidence of post-embolisation fever and a milder inflammatory response than platinum coils. These findings suggest that coil selection may play an important role in minimising post-procedural inflammation and facilitating perioperative management in children preparing for the Fontan procedure.

This work is the second in a series, following Part I [Kwa24] (Algebra Number Theory 18.10 (2024)) and preceding Part III [Kwa25] (Math. Ann. 391.1 (2025)). We continue our investigation of spectral moments of $\text {GL}(3)\times \text {GL}(2)\ L$-functions from the perspective of period integrals. Using an identity between two distinct periods for the $\text {GL}(3)$ Eisenstein series, we establish an exact Motohashi-type identity linking the shifted cubic moment of $\text {GL}(2)\ L$-functions to the shifted fourth moment of $\text {GL}(1) L$-functions. In addition, we offer a novel, intrinsic and automorphic account for the sources and symmetries of the full set of main terms for both moments, in agreement with the CFKRS Moment Conjectures (Proc. Lond. Math. Soc. (3) 91 (2005)).

The John Day Formation of central Oregon preserves a diversity of Oligo-Miocene caniform carnivorans, many of which were first described from the formation. However, many historically important specimens lack detailed locality or stratigraphic information, complicating any analysis of faunal change through time. Here, we describe 16 new specimens of caniforms from the John Day Formation, most with precise stratigraphic information. We report multiple specimens of the amphicyonids Daphoenus Leidy, 1853, Paradaphoenus cuspigerus (Cope, 1878), and Temnocyon altigenis (Cope, 1878), all previously known from the formation. We also report the first definitive occurrence of the hesperocyonine canid Osbornodon Wang, 1994 from the John Day Formation and the first occurrence of the borophagine canid Otarocyon Wang, Tedford, and Taylor, 1999 from west of the Rocky Mountains. Two isolated postcranial elements are consistent in size and morphology with large amphicyonines but we cannot confidently assign them to this subfamily. Biostratigraphic trends in these taxa parallel those seen elsewhere in North America, although the turnover in large carnivorans observed at the Oligocene-Miocene boundary on the Great Plains might begin somewhat earlier in Oregon. The possible presence of a large amphicyonine would, however, mark a major temporal range extension for the subfamily and would be the oldest occurrence of this Eurasian taxon in North America.

After a period of stable prices in advanced economies, inflation surged in 2022, largely driven by substantial increases in international food and energy prices. Using electronic payments data to estimate a demand system, we derive expenditure and price elasticities and evaluate the welfare effects of these relative price changes for Portuguese consumers. Our results indicate an average welfare loss of approximately 10% of total expenditure, disproportionately affecting lower-spending consumers. Furthermore, we observe that lower-expenditure consumers generally have larger price elasticities than their higher-spending counterparts. These results reinforce the evidence of the unequal welfare costs of inflation on consumers.