It is known that hyperbolic linear delay difference equations are shadowable on the half-line. In this article, we prove the converse and hence the equivalence between hyperbolicity and the positive shadowing property for the following two classes of linear delay difference equations: (a) for non-autonomous equations with finite delays and uniformly bounded compact coefficient operators in Banach spaces and (b) for Volterra difference equations with infinite delay in finite dimensional spaces.

This article examines the local context that led to the expulsion of Jews from Eastern Thrace in 1934. Going beyond the conventional state-centric narratives, it unearths the local socio-economic tensions that triggered the locals to target their Jewish neighbors. It highlights three major factors that fueled already-existing nationalist sentiments in the region: some Jewish merchants’ involvement in usury, Turkish–Muslim agricultural producers’ growing indebtedness due to the devastating impact of the Great Depression, and the government’s failure to support producers with appropriate credit policies. Faced with the danger of indebtedness and dispossession, the locals in this context deemed the small Jewish community as “the easy target,” scapegoating it for their ongoing problems amid Turkey’s nationalist political climate in the 1930s.

Hegel’s ‘Natural Law’ essay is widely discussed but its substance and the implications of its argument are misunderstood. Hegel’s essay is most often read via other philosophers. Interpretations of this kind are useful but only illuminate those parts of Hegel’s text that intersect with other philosophers’ concerns. This article takes a different approach by focusing on the entirety of the essay and exploring the implications of its two primary arguments: firstly, that there has been a breach between philosophy and natural law; secondly, that without philosophy natural law is thrown back on its own resources, producing two schools of post-philosophical thought—empiricism and formalism—neither of which is adequate to serve as its foundation. I argue that in response to this inadequacy Hegel sublates empiricism and formalism to develop undistorted intuition as a way of thinking designed to effect the re-philosophization of natural law.

An ultra-wideband current-reused low-noise amplifier (LNA) monolithic microwave integrated circuit design is presented in this letter. Negative feedback networks are employed at both stages of the proposed LNA to expand bandwidth. Furthermore, source adaptive bias networks is designed in the first stage and combined with a current-reused construction to acquire a compact chip size and maintain low power consumption. Then, the validation of design theory is implemented by employing a 0.15-µm gallium arsenide pseudomorphic high-electron-mobility transistor process. The measured results show that the proposed LNA achieves a small signal gain of 15.5–17.8 dB, a noise figure of 3–3.65 dB, and an output 1 dB compression point (OP1 dB) of 14.5–15.5 dBm from the target bandwidth of 2–18 GHz. In addition, the fabricated LNA consumes 220 mW from a 5 V supply and occupies a chip area of 1.2 × 1.5 mm2.

Politicians frequently face toxic behaviors. We argue that these behaviors impose a double burden on women, who may not only face higher exposure to toxicity, but experience attacks that they and others understand to be motivated by prejudice and designed to push them out of office. Using large-scale image-based conjoint experiments in the United States, Denmark, Belgium, and Chile, we demonstrate that both politicians themselves and citizens regard messages targeting women politicians as more toxic than otherwise equivalent messages targeting men. This perception intensifies when messages mention gender or come from perpetrators who are men. A second experiment to investigate the mechanisms shows that hostile behaviors toward women are more frequently understood as driven by prejudice and attempts to remove women from politics. These findings highlight the importance of understanding how perceptions of perpetrators’ motives affect the severity of political toxicity, and provide insights into the gendered effects of political hostility.

This article examines the evolution of bioethics over the past four decades since the publication of John Harris’ seminal work, “The Value of Life” (1985). It argues that while the core principles articulated by Harris remain relevant, bioethics has undergone significant transformation across four key domains. First, the expanding frontiers of biotechnology have necessitated engagement with complex issues beyond individual clinical ethics. Second, there has been a widening of the circle of moral concern to encompass nonhuman animals, disability rights, and global health equity. Third, bioethics has become increasingly entangled with public policy and governance. Finally, the field has seen substantial academic proliferation and institutionalization. These developments have pushed bioethics to adapt its frameworks and methodologies while maintaining fidelity to foundational principles. This article concludes by considering the future challenges and opportunities for bioethics in an increasingly complex technological and social landscape.

This paper develops a novel full-state-constrained intelligent adaptive control (FIAC) scheme for a class of uncertain nonlinear systems under full state constraints, unmodeled dynamics and external disturbances. The key point of the proposed scheme is to appropriately suppress and compensate for unmodeled dynamics that are coupled with other states of the system under the conditions of various disturbances and full state constraints. Firstly, to guarantee that the time-varying asymmetric full state constraints are obeyed, a simple and valid nonlinear error transformation method has been proposed, which can simplify the constrained control problem of the system states into a bounded control problem of the transformed states. Secondly, considering the coupling relationship between the unmodeled dynamics and other states of the controlled system such as system states and control inputs, a decoupling approach for coupling uncertainties is introduced. Thereafter, owing to the employed dynamic signal and bias radial basis function neural network (BIAS-RBFNN) improved on traditional RBFNN, the adverse effects of unmodeled dynamics on the controlled system can be suppressed appropriately. Furthermore, the matched and mismatched disturbances are reasonably estimated and circumvented by a mathematical inequality and a disturbance observer, respectively. Finally, numerical simulations are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed FIAC strategy.

AMS radiocarbon ages of organic matter from ice wedges and enclosing peat were determined for the polygonal peatland at the Lorino site on the eastern coast of the Chukchi Peninsula. The study’s goal was to fill a knowledge gap about the dynamics of polygonal peatlands with ice wedges and winter climate conditions during the Holocene in this easternmost region of the Russian Arctic. It has been found that peatland accumulated during the Younger Dryas and early Holocene, mostly between 14 and 9.9 cal ka BP, while ice wedges were dated from 7.7 to 6.6 cal ka BP. Since ice wedges have features of syngenetic growth, the discrepancy in the age of ice wedges and enclosing peatland may result from the significant presence of early and pre-Holocene peat. It is assumed that the older polygonal peatland deeply thawed during the Holocene optimum, and subsequently, when the permafrost aggraded, a new generation of ice wedges was formed. The AMS 14C age (18.1 cal ka BP) of the ice wedge exposed below the peat indicates the presence of a Late Pleistocene generation of ice wedges at the study site. Paleotemperature reconstructions based on the stable isotope composition of ice wedges show that the mean January air temperature during the Northgrippian stage of the Holocene varied from –27 to –23°C, and at the end of the Late Pleistocene, from –32 to –26°C.

As the most populous city in China, Shanghai’s human waste disposal underwent a dramatic transition between 1949 and 2010. While human waste continued to be sold to farmers as fertilizer, the authorities attempted to modernize the methods of manual removal, promoting nightsoil dump stations and vacuum trucks from the early 1970s. These new methods soon became widespread. However, urban human waste gradually lost its value as fertilizer from the late 1970s, chiefly because of the popularization of chemical fertilizers, at which point Shanghai was faced with serious human waste issues. Encountering this unforeseen shift, the municipality had to accept the reality that there were no longer rural markets for urban human waste, and that it would have to start treating human waste as refuse. In contrast to the Western model, Shanghai’s approach to modernizing human waste disposal was distinctive, having been influenced by factors beyond the city.

This article examines the intertwined history of local divination schools and divination instructors during the Yuan–Ming transition through a microhistory of the Zhu family—a diviner family who, as newcomers to Suzhou, carefully navigated the turbulent dynastic transition. Based on broader prosopographical research of Yuan and Ming divination school instructors, this study draws two main conclusions regarding social and institutional history during this crisis period. First, the Zhu family, representing lesser elites whose status depended on state institutions, survived the Yuan–Ming transition by building local networks, transforming their expertise, and manipulating narratives of their family history. Second, despite the Ming founder's order for the re-establishment of local divination schools, it was the diviner families, seeking to recover from the dynastic transition, who played a key role in restoring the local institution. This study extends our understanding of the scope of the fourteenth-century crisis, its diverse manifestations across social groups, and the manipulation of crisis narratives for various purposes. It also proposes a bottom-up approach to engage with the Yuan–Ming social and institutional continuity and rupture.

We evaluated the prevalence and risk factors for child maltreatment in multiples aged 3 years and compared them to singletons in Japanese population-based data. Records on child maltreatment and health check-ups at 3 years of age from 17,125 singletons, 488 twins and 18 triplets were collected from a Public Health Center between April 2007 and March 2011. The associations of child maltreatment with potential risk factors were analyzed using the logistic regression model. Out of all children, 76 (4.31 per 1000) children had documented maltreatment including 69 (4.03 per 1000) singletons and seven (14.31 per 1000) twins. All of the cases in twins were physical abuse (100%) and nearly half of the cases (43%) included emotional abuse. Among twins, 86% of the biological mothers were suspected. The alleged perpetrators of twins showed a significantly higher rate of maternal depression compared to those of singletons. After adjusting the results for a number of potential biological and social risk factors, twins or triplets had a higher risk for maltreatment than singletons (OR 3.39, 95% CI [1.17, 9.83]). Healthcare providers should be aware that a multiple birth can place considerable stress on a family leading to child maltreatment and should provide appropriate support and intervention for mothers with multiples.