The social category of “youth” occupies liminal space with blurred boundaries between “childhood” and “adulthood.” Dominant modes of socio-legal inquiry into youth typically yield adult-centered, criminological accounts that place adult interests and perspectives at the core of their analyses, focusing ultimately on remedies to quell troubled adolescents and suppress disruptive delinquents. Youth-centered accounts, by contrast, locate young people as agents negotiating the contradictory expectations of adults and their institutions while forging socio-legal orders of their own making. This review essay draws from six key works on youth published over the past century—Kathryn Abrams’s Open Hand, Close Fist: Practices of Undocumented Organizing in a Hostile State, James Coleman’s The Adolescent Society: The Social Life of the Teenager and Its Impact on Education, Nikki Jones’s Beyond Good and Ghetto: African American Girls and Inner-City Violence, C. J. Pascoe’s, Nice Is Not Enough: Inequality and the Limits of Kindness at American High, Forrest Stuart’s The Ballad of the Bullet: Gangs, Drill Music, and the Power of Online Infamy, and Frederick Thrasher’s 1927 text The Gang: A Study of 1,313 Gangs in Chicago—to explore how young people constitute their own socio-legal orders. This exploration suggests a new front in research on legal pluralism while identifying mechanisms through which youth-centered socio-legal orders influence adult-centered orders via mobilization, cooperation, imitation, and imbrication.

This article addresses the doctrine of remoteness in tort in light of the Supreme Court’s landmark decision in Armstead v Royal & Sun Alliance Insurance Co. Ltd. Armstead further attenuates an already weak control on tortious liability. In outline, it does so in two ways: first, by establishing that contractual liabilities incurred as a result of tortiously caused property damage comprise non-remote damage provided that those liabilities represent a reasonable pre-estimate of the counterparty’s loss; and, secondly, by allocating the burden of proof in respect of remoteness to defendants. This article explores these rules. It contends, in particular, that the first collides with the fundamental principle that the extent of the claimant’s loss in tort is irrelevant to the issue of remoteness while the second means that, oddly, the onus of proof in relation to remoteness in tort differs from that in contract.

Since its inception, the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) has become increasingly influential in the field of second language (L2) education. In an effort to define the grammatical structures that English learners acquire at each CEFR level, the English Grammar Profile (EGP) provides a list of over 1,200 structure-level mappings derived from largely manual analysis of learner corpora. Though highly valuable for the design of didactic materials and examinations, the EGP lacks comprehensive quantitative methods to verify the acquisition levels it proposes for the grammatical structures. This paper presents an approach for revisiting the EGP structure-level mappings with empirical statistics. The approach utilizes automatic grammatical construction extraction, a large learner corpus, and statistical testing to empirically determine the level of each structure. The structure-level mappings resulting from our approach show limited agreement with that of the original EGP proposals, suggesting that frequency data alone does not provide enough evidence for the acquisition of the grammatical structures at the levels presented by the EGP.

The interaction of helminth infections with type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been a major area of research in the past few years. This paper, therefore, focuses on the systematic review of the effects of helminthic infections on metabolism and immune regulation related to T2D, with mechanisms through which both direct and indirect effects are mediated. Specifically, the possible therapeutic role of helminths in T2D management, probably mediated through the modulation of host metabolic pathways and immune responses, is of special interest. This paper discusses the current possibilities for translating helminth therapy from basic laboratory research to clinical application, as well as existing and future challenges. Although preliminary studies suggest the potential for helminth therapy for T2D patients, their safety and efficacy still need to be confirmed by larger-scale clinical studies.

We describe two new species of green algae in Dasycladales from Lower Cretaceous strata of the Eastern Carpathians (Romania), Suppiluliumaella schlagintweitii n. sp. and Triploporella loducai n. sp. The two new species display mineralization that coats most of the thallus, possibly casting light on their growth patterns. Suppiluliumaella schlagintweitii n. sp. displays a differentiated, club-shaped thallus with a very elongated vegetative part below the fertile zone (“head”) and a corticated external layer, suggesting a Neomeris type of growth. We further describe a possible mineralized juvenile growth stage. Triploporella loducai n. sp. is characterized by a rather short cylindrical thallus with a reduced vegetative region (sharp tapering rounded lower end), seemingly following a growth type resembling that of spherical Bornetella.

A family of arbitrarily high-order energy-preserving methods are developed to solve the coupled Schrödinger–Boussinesq (S-B) system. The system is a nonlinear coupled system and satisfies a series of conservation laws. It is often difficult to construct a high-order decoupling numerical algorithm to solve the nonlinear system. In this paper, the original system is first reformulated into an equivalent Hamiltonian system by introducing multiple auxiliary variables. Next, the reformulated system is discretized by the Fourier pseudo-spectral method and the implicit midpoint scheme in the spatial and temporal directions, respectively, and a second-order conservative scheme is obtained. Finally, the scheme is extended to arbitrarily high-order accuracy by means of diagonally implicit symplectic Runge–Kutta methods or composition methods. Rigorous analyses show that the proposed methods are fully decoupled and can precisely conserve the discrete invariants. Numerical results show that the proposed schemes are effective and can be easily extended to other nonlinear partial differential equations.

This article traces the unique set of factors that allowed mid-nineteenth-century coeducation at a medical college traditionally reserved for men. I argue that in the period 1850-1856, a window of opportunity offered a small group of women the chance to pursue medical education at the traditionally all-male regular Cleveland Medical College, at a time when medical training was inaccessible to women. A unique confluence of factors inspired this development, including a temporary fluidity of standards in medical training and practice, rising prospects for women’s access to higher education, the rapidly changing Cleveland urban environment and its progressive women’s network, and the College’s internal dynamics. The female graduates of the Cleveland Medical College joined a pioneer generation of women physicians in the mid-nineteenth-century US who chipped away at long-standing barriers limiting the role of women in medicine.

Globally, gender equality is the next frontier for social transformation, and women’s economic empowerment is promoted as the pathway to achieve this goal, particularly in countries of the Global South. Women’s economic empowerment is broadly defined as women’s capacity to contribute to, and benefit from, economic activities on terms that recognise the value of their contributions. Advocates for women’s economic empowerment state that it has the potential to be a safeguard against poverty and precarity by enhancing women’s wellbeing. Using a critical-feminist lens, we explore the benefits and risks of the global trend towards women’s economic empowerment. After providing an overview of the evolution of the concept of empowerment, we review the benefits of women’s economic empowerment: economic growth, improved rates of tertiary education and market participation for women, and growth of women’s autonomy. We then examine the risks of the global focus on women’s economic empowerment, which we distil into three key areas: (a) women seen as a country’s ‘natural resource’, used as instruments for economic prosperity and reproduction without considering their wellbeing; (b) a focus on women’s market participation without adequately factoring in current labour market realities; and (c) pushing the women’s economic empowerment agenda forward without fully considering the scope of unpaid reproductive work undertaken by women. We conclude with an analysis of how UN Women (2024) is shifting the agenda by providing a holistic framework for thinking about women’s economic empowerment. We suggest that there is room for cautious optimism if this framework is widely adopted.

As social and educational landscapes continue to change, especially around issues of inclusivity, there is an urgent need to reexamine how individuals from diverse linguistic backgrounds are perceived. Speakers are often misjudged due to listeners’ stereotypes about their social identities, resulting in biased language judgments that can limit educational and professional opportunities. Much research has demonstrated listeners’ biases toward L2-accented speech, i.e., perceiving accented utterances as less credible, less grammatical, or less acceptable for certain professional positions, due to their bias and stereotyping issues. Then, artificial intelligence (AI) technology has emerged as a viable alternative to mitigate listeners’ biased judgments. It serves as a tool for assessing L2-accented speech as well as establishing intelligibility thresholds for accented speech. It is also used to assess characteristics such as gender, age, and mood in AI facial-analysis systems. However, these AI systems or current technologies still may hold racial or accent biases. Accordingly, the current paper will discuss both human listeners’ and AI’ bias issues toward L2 speech, illustrating such phenomena in various contexts. It concludes with specific recommendations and future directions for research and pedagogical practices.

An highly miniaturized multiband polarizer for C to Ka-band applications is proposed. The polarizer design consists of resonating patch printed on top of the FR-4 grounded substrate. During reflection, the x/y polarized incident EM wave becomes circularly polarized with Axial Ratio (AR ≤ 3 dB) from 7.88 to 8.01 GHz, 9.01 to 11.65 GHz, 15.36 to 36.57 GHz, and 31.88 to 35.38 GHz, respectively. In addition, this design also demonstrates linear–cross conversion with a minimum 90% Polarization Conversion Ratio (PCR) from 8.28 to 8.60 GHz, 12.56 to 14.19 GHz, and 28.26 to 30.59 GHz. Transfer Matrix Method (TMM) explains the polarization conversion phenomena, and surface current distribution at resonant frequencies supports the multi-polarization conversion phenomena. The proposed design is compact with a periodicity of 0.063λL × 0.076 λL, where λL is the free-space wavelength corresponding to the lowest operating frequency. The fabricated prototype is verified experimentally. The authors believe that the features of the proposed design, like multiband, miniaturized unit cell architecture, and better angular stability, make it a promising contender for satellite applications.