Established pharmaceutical innovation theory holds that companies and patents are essential for developing new treatments. Yet, it does not adequately explain numerous clinical trials conducted by hospitals and universities. This paper introduces a new, complementary theory that describes a parallel system of innovation, focused on new uses of already authorised drugs, particularly once generics are available. These trials are driven by incentives previously associated with “open science” and “user innovation” rather than by patents and cost 90 per cent less than commercial equivalents. This “hidden” research system could regularly provide society with affordable treatments.

Southern Patagonia hunter-gatherers were adapted to a region marked by cold and wind, yet characterized by significant climatic and environmental variability, particularly between the eastern and western slopes of the Andes. This diversity fostered the development of distinct subsistence strategies. The present study analyzes variations in skull shape and size in relation to ecogeographical regions. A sample of 54 Late Holocene adult skulls from Southern Patagonia archaeological sites was analyzed. Individuals were categorized according to ecogeographic regions and subsistence strategies. Using geometric morphometrics, 35 three-dimensional landmarks describing the splanchnocranium and the neurocranium were recorded and statistically compared across groups. Results revealed an ecogeographic latitudinal pattern: individuals from colder regions exhibited significant prognathism, heavier and bigger cranial forms, consistent with Bergmann’s rule. Additionally, an ecogeographic longitudinal gradient was recognized. No significant sex-related differences were detected in the sample. The latitudinal and longitudinal cranial patterns identified among Southern Patagonia individuals suggest an association with ecogeographical characteristics, supporting the environmental and climate hypothesis regarding skull morphology. Notably, the findings lend support to Bergmann’s rule, as more robust and bigger forms were observed in the coldest regions, not necessarily those at the highest latitudes, as in this case.

The rational homology of the IA-automorphism group $\operatorname {IA}_n$ of the free group $F_n$ is still mysterious. We study the quotient of the rational homology of $\operatorname {IA}_n$ that is obtained as the image of the map induced by the abelianization map, which we call the Albanese homology of $\operatorname {IA}_n$. We obtain a representation-stable $\operatorname {GL}(n,\mathbb {Q})$-subquotient of the Albanese homology of $\operatorname {IA}_n$, which conjecturally coincides with the entire Albanese homology of $\operatorname {IA}_n$. In particular, we obtain a lower bound of the dimension of the Albanese homology of $\operatorname {IA}_n$ for each homological degree in a stable range. Moreover, we determine the entire third Albanese homology of $\operatorname {IA}_n$ for $n\ge 9$. We also study the Albanese homology of an analogue of $\operatorname {IA}_n$ for the outer automorphism group of $F_n$ and the Albanese homology of the Torelli groups of surfaces. Moreover, we study the relation between the Albanese homology of $\operatorname {IA}_n$ and the cohomology of $\operatorname {Aut}(F_n)$ with twisted coefficients.

The article is focused on friendship and collaboration between two prominent alpine climbers: Stipe Božić from Croatia and Viki Grošelj from Slovenia. Following their joint endeavors beginning in Yugoslavia and proceeding within the setting of independent countries, the article discusses different framings of alpinist expeditions on which they embarked together, which range from a common Yugoslav enterprise to a nationally separate narrative. Highlighting that their primary motivation for cooperation was in sharing goals and professional compatibility, the article explores how personal narratives are transformed into national narratives. Finally, the article touches upon the value of friendship research for exploring everyday nationhood.

Food literacy is important for understanding the factors that determine food choices, eating behaviours and diet quality. However, few studies have examined the relationship between food literacy, diet quality and food consumption. The present study aimed to examine this relationship in an adult population. This cross-sectional study included 639 adults (50·2 % female; age range: 19–65 years) at Ondokuz Mayıs University in Samsun, Türkiye. Participants completed the Short Food Literacy Questionnaire (SFLQ). Anthropometric measurements and 24-h food recall were recorded. Diet quality was assessed using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2015. Total scores for vegetables and seafood and plant proteins (HEI-2015 components) were higher in the adequate–excellent food literacy group (2·9 (sd 2·25) v. 2·5 (sd 1·85), P = 0·041 and 12·8 (sd 12·51) v. 11·0 (sd 10·58), P = 0·040). Conversely, the refined grain scores were higher in the inadequate–limited food literacy group (3·6 (sd 5·77) v. 4·5 (sd 5·67), P = 0·041). In the regression model, the SFLQ score was positively associated with HEI-2015 scores (β = 0·364, P = 0·026) and total vegetable consumption (β = 0·029, P = 0·015). For each 1-point increase in the SFLQ score, the HEI-2015 score increased by 0·364 points on average (β = 0·364, P = 0·026). Furthermore, SFLQ scores were negatively associated with refined grain scores (β = −0·107, P = 0·001) and added sugar scores (β = −0·021, P = 0·042). Food literacy is an important factor associated with diet quality. Enhancing nutrition knowledge, skills and attitudes in adults may contribute to healthier eating behaviours.

Among White Americans, have attitudes toward the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement become increasingly polarized between 2016 and 2020, and was that polarization sustained through 2024? This study conceptualizes BLM polarization as a growing divergence in attitudes toward the movement—both in overall evaluations and in widening gaps across key orientations such as partisanship, racial resentment, social dominance orientation (SDO), and authoritarianism. Building upon recent work on partisan polarization, I examine individual-level changes in racial attitudes toward BLM over an extended time period and determine if partisanship or other socio-psychological predispositions predict this change. Through the use of the American National Election Studies (ANES) 2016–2020–2024 panel data, I find that BLM polarization occurred from 2016 to 2020 and remained robust from 2020 to 2024. Racial resentment, SDO, and authoritarianism also served as important factors associated with BLM polarization, alongside party affiliation.

Yoghurt is a food product with strong sensory acceptance and health appeal, making its matrix a target for various innovative presentations and modifications. This study aimed to develop a yoghurt bar with the addition of probiotic microcapsules and to evaluate the effect of gelatine concentration on its chemical composition, microbiological stability, rheological properties and texture profile. Three formulations were developed: YB6 (6.66% gelatine dispersion), YB9 (9.33% gelatine dispersion) and YB12 (12% gelatine dispersion) Probiotics were microencapsulated by ionic gelation, achieving 93.46% encapsulation efficiency. Gelatine concentration influenced protein (YB6/YB9: 6.95 g.100 g−1; YB12: 7.65 g.100 g−1) and sodium content (YB6/YB9: 56.00 mg.100 g−1; YB12: 57.50 mg.100 g−1) but did not significantly alter other compositional parameters. Probiotic counts (log CFU.g−1) for Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus (YB6 = 7.08; YB9 = 7.34; YB12 = 7.4), Streptococcus thermophilus (YB6 = 9.20; YB9 = 9.08; YB12 = 9.18) and Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM® (YB6 = 7.32; YB9 = 7.3; YB12 = 7.0) remained stable over 30 days at 5 °C, meeting regulatory standards for yoghurt classification. Gelatine concentration and temperature influenced rheological properties. At 10 °C, formulations exhibited no structural failure up to 1000 Pa of shear stress, whereas at 25 °C, YB9 and YB12 demonstrated higher structural integrity than YB6. YB12 presented the highest values of firmness, adhesiveness, cohesiveness, gumminess and elasticity. The yoghurt bar represents an innovative product that expands the range of fermented dairy options. The use of 9% or 12% gelatine dispersion in yoghurt bar production ensures good storage stability, protein enrichment and a suitable texture for handheld consumption, thereby expanding the scope of yoghurt-based offerings.

This study investigates how resource-constrained small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) develop and apply digital capabilities across value chain activities for internationalization, addressing a gap in the existing literature. Using six Taiwanese manufacturing SME case studies, and an integrated theoretical lens (Uppsala Internationalization Model, Porter’s Value Chain Framework, and Resource Orchestration Theory), the study explores how digital capabilities embedded in primary and support activities shape internationalization outcomes. Findings show that SMEs prioritize digital investments in primary and downstream activities to enhance foreign market delivery, responsiveness, trust, and visibility. Digital upgrades in support functions primarily enable internal coordination and subsidiary replication. The study identifies three mechanisms – inter-firm value enhancement, inter-firm relationship enhancement, and intra-firm management enhancement – that explain how activity-specific digital capabilities facilitate international expansion. This research offers a detailed understanding of digital capabilities deployment in SMEs and provides practical implications for leaders and policymakers on strategic, phased digital internationalization approaches.

During the Terminal Classic period (AD 760–1000), Maya communities underwent a brief and violent political collapse, followed by a protracted period of instability that apparently culminated in an urban collapse as distinct from the earlier, political one. Rather than taking the kingdom or polity as the analytical unit, we propose to study the cities as actors in the collapse using the large and rich Terminal Classic datasets. A comprehensive database has been constructed encompassing 29 archaeological, epigraphic, and iconographic attributes that capture urban political and socioeconomic activities in a hundred Terminal Classic cities and towns. A multivariate analysis of the distribution of 12 attributes forming five variables in 56 well-documented cities suggests that the urban transformation subsequent to the dynastic collapse is less attributable to this political collapse than expected. The urban datasets have the potential to reflect the trajectories of late lowland cities, and once distributed in Terminal Classic subphases, a comparison of the datasets should elucidate chains of causality in the two collapses.

In [10], we provided a method for eliminating cuts in non-wellfounded proofs with a local-progress condition, these being the simplest kind of non-wellfounded proofs. The method consisted of splitting the proof into nicely behaved fragments. This article extends our method to proofs based on simple trace conditions. The main idea is to split the system with the trace condition into infinitely many local-progress calculi that together are equivalent to the original trace-based system. This provides a cut-elimination method using only basic tools of structural proof theory and corecursion, which is needed due to working in a non-wellfounded setting. We will employ our method to obtain syntactic cut elimination for K+, a system of modal logic with the master modality.

Psychiatry relies on narratives, observation and interpersonal data more than definitive tests. Errors in inference can lead to inappropriate treatment, avoidable adverse effects and delayed recovery. This article proposes an investigative framework for clinical reasoning tailored to community mental health services, in-patient wards and liaison teams by translating hypothetico-deductive reasoning into clinical practice: broad-then-focused enquiry, explicit competing hypotheses, a reliability hierarchy for weighing clues, proportionate action under uncertainty, and time-bound review. The framework is positioned alongside existing approaches and considers the emerging role of artificial intelligence as a complement to clinician-led formulation. With fictitious vignettes, diagrams and summary tables, the proposed framework aims to improve formulation quality, support safer decisions before diagnostic closure, and make reasoning transparent to patients and teams. As a proposal, it requires empirical evaluation against routine practice in clinical and educational settings before any claim of effectiveness can be made.

Plant-based diets have been associated with favourable health outcomes; however, not all plant-based diets are of the same quality. This study aimed to investigate the associations between three plant-based diet indices: overall plant-based diet index (PDI), healthy PDI (hPDI) and unhealthy PDI (uPDI) and measures of adiposity: wrist circumference, waist circumference, waist:hip ratio and BMI. This study used data from 2027 controls in the Costa Rica Heart Study, a case–control study. A validated FFQ was used to create the plant-based diet indices. Multivariable linear regression was used to examine associations between quintiles of the plant-based diet indices and adiposity indicators. Higher hPDI scores were associated with lower adiposity, with waist circumference showing the strongest association. Participants in the highest hPDI quintile had a β = −1·90 cm (95 % CI: −3·32, −0·49) lower waist circumference and a β = −0·72 kg/m2 (95 % CI: −1·33, −0·10) lower BMI compared with participants in the lowest quintile. Significant linear trends were observed with waist circumference (P-trend = 0·0037), waist:hip ratio (P-trend = 0·0064) and BMI (P-trend = 0·0171). Subjects in the 5th quintile of the overall PDI had significantly lower waist circumference (β = −1·75 cm (95 % CI: −3·14, −0·36)), waist-to-hip ratio (β = −0·010 (95 % CI: −0·019, −0·001)) and BMI (β = −0·62 kg/m2 (95 % CI: −1·22, −0·02)). In general, uPDI showed no significant associations with adiposity indicators. Among Costa Rican adults, adherence to hPDI is associated with lower adiposity, whereas uPDI showed no association, indicating the quality of plant-based diets plays a role in body composition.

This article examines the expressed neutrality of Russophones in Latvia and Estonia toward Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine. Drawing on nationally representative survey data and four focus groups, the study employs a mixed-methods design to explore how individual dispositions, social contexts, and media perceptions shape neutrality. Logistic regression analysis shows that neutrality is strongly predicted by low interest in Ukrainian affairs, socioeconomic vulnerability, and—most decisively—reference group perceptions: respondents describing their milieu as neutral, mixed, or uncertain were dramatically more likely to adopt neutrality than those in pro-Ukraine circles. By contrast, opinion climate and perceived social isolation had weaker effects, while neutrality was reinforced by distrust of both Latvian and Russian media. Focus group data reveal neutrality as a negotiated stance, serving to manage social tensions and navigate contested information environments. The findings highlight neutrality as a socially embedded strategy rather than mere apathy or ignorance.

State judicial elections in the United States have become increasingly expensive, raising concerns about the influence of campaign contributions on judicial impartiality. This study examines individual donations – specifically from attorneys, non-attorneys, and business donors – in state supreme court elections from 2000 to 2023. The analysis reveals that attorneys predominantly support candidates with judicial experience and Democratic affiliation, while non-attorneys and business donors favor Republican candidates and high-profile races. These patterns underscore distinct motivations among donor groups and offer insights into the evolving dynamics of judicial campaign finance.