The adoption of the main text of the Pandemic Agreement at the 2025 World Health Assembly is a milestone in global health law. The adopted text makes several key contributions, but there were several missed opportunities in the negotiating process, and key roadblocks remain for the future of the Pandemic Agreement.

Let $(\phi _t)$ be a continuous semigroup of holomorphic functions in the unit disk. We prove that all its orbits are rectifiable and that its forward orbits are Lipschitz curves. Moreover, we find a necessary and sufficient condition in terms of hyperbolic geometry so that a backward orbit is a Lipschitz curve. We further explore the Lipschitz condition for forward orbits lying on the unit circle and then for semigroups of holomorphic functions in general simply connected domains.

The lattice walks in the plane starting at the origin $\mathbf {0}$ with steps in $\{-1,0,1\}^{2}\setminus \{\mathbf {0}\}$ are called king walks. We investigate enumeration and divisibility for higher dimensional king walks confined to certain regions. Specifically, we establish an explicit formula for the number of $(r+s)$-dimensional king walks of length n ending at $(a_1,\ldots ,a_r,b_1,\ldots ,b_s)$ which never dip below $x_i=0$ for $i=1,\ldots ,r$. We also derive divisibility properties for the number of $(r+s)$-dimensional king walks of length p (an odd prime) through group actions.

This study investigated the effects of enzyme and/or sodium butyrate supplementation on the performance, eggshell quality, pancreatic enzyme activities and jejunum histology of laying quails-fed diets containing sunflower meal (SFM). A total of 140 24-week-old quails were randomly allocated into five experimental groups with 14 replicates each. The treatment diets were: NC (negative control without SFM), PC (positive control with 25% SFM), PC+E (PC + 500 g/tonne multi-enzyme), PC+B (PC + 1000 g/tonne sodium butyrate) and PC+EB (PC + 500 g/tonne multi-enzyme + 1000 g/tonne sodium butyrate).

As a result of this study, egg production was significantly higher in PC, PC+E and PC+EB groups compared to NC, while feed intake increased in PC but decreased with enzyme and/or sodium butyrate supplementation. Eggshell-breaking strength was highest in PC+B, whereas eggshell ratio and thickness increased across all groups compared to NC. Pancreatic lipase activity increased in PC+E and PC+B, but pancreatic amylase and protease activities decreased in all treatments compared to NC. Villus height (VH) and crypt depth (CD) improved with enzyme and/or sodium butyrate supplementation, with villus width and surface area significantly greater in PC+E and PC+EB. However, the VH/CD ratio decreased in all groups except PC+EB. In conclusion, diets containing 25% SFM did not impair performance or egg quality and improved eggshell thickness and ratio. Enzyme and/or sodium butyrate supplementation reduced feed intake enhanced pancreatic lipase activity, decreased amylase and protease activities and improved jejunum histology, with sodium butyrate notably increasing eggshell-breaking strength.

This paper reconsiders the term ‘Generation of the Thirties’ in modern Greek art, arguing that the artists retrospectively grouped under this label emerged mainly after the Second World War and were united by a time-specific pursuit of ‘Greekness’. It examines how their synthesis of local tradition and European modernism reflected post-war quests for national identity and was shaped by Cold War cultural politics and mass media stereotypes. It traces the history of the term ‘Generation of the Thirties’ in art, explores its academic and curatorial consolidation in the late 1970s, and examines why it became attractive during the Metapolitefsi era.

This paper documents how administrative geography functioned as a strategic political instrument during post–Civil War Reconstruction. I document sixty-seven counties established by Republican-controlled state legislatures across the South that concentrated Republican and African American voters. Historical boundary data and election returns show that Republicans created new counties in areas where they held strong support, added legislative seats that strengthened their majorities, and expanded opportunities for African American political representation at the state and local level. This partisan model of administrative unit proliferation advances our understanding of institutional design during contested democratization. The findings contribute to research on American political development, democratization, redistricting, and administrative design politics—showing that county creation functioned not merely as administrative policy but as a tool in partisan competition with lasting consequences for American political geography.

The Balkan Peninsula is considered to have acted as a glacial refugium as well as a biogeographic crossroads during the Pleistocene, playing an important role in the survival of biota and population dynamics through time. Furthermore, rather than being a homogeneous habitat, it is thought to have hosted a number of diverse, isolated “refugia within refugia,” providing suitable conditions for the persistence of different plant and animal species, as well as, potentially, Pleistocene hominins. We present the first palynological and charcoal record, although discontinuous, from the middle Pleistocene archaeological site Marathousa 1 (MAR-1; Megalopolis Basin) to reconstruct the local environment along with the first multispecies record of coprophilous fungal spores from Greece to track herbivore activity during the Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 12. Our data show that during the early and late MIS 12, when the forest cover substantially decreased, mesophilous trees and aquatic vegetation persisted, reflecting wetter and milder conditions at MAR-1. Herbivore presence is documented by ∼473 ka, while its intensification coincides with increased vegetation biomass and local fire activity during the late MIS 12. Our findings suggest that MAR-1 likely served as a glacial refugium for middle Pleistocene hominins, providing essential resources for their survival during MIS 12.

To address limited data on whole grain (WG) consumption in the UK, we investigated trends and socio-demographic patterns of WG consumption from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey from 2008/2012 to 2016/2019 and examined the relationship between WG and dietary intakes. We analysed 15 655 individuals aged ≥ 1·5 years who completed a 4-day food diary. WG consumption was quantified by estimating the WG content of individual foods using publicly available ingredient information. Survey-weighted mean WG consumption over time and by population sub-group was calculated. Survey-weighted trend tests and Wald tests were used. Total WG intake in the general population did not change from 2008/2012 to 2016/2019. WG from high-fibre cereals and bread declined by 16·2 % (11·1–9·3 g/d) and 19·4 % (12·4–10 g/d), respectively, while other cereals (e.g. rice/pasta) increased by 72·5 % (4·0–6·9 g/d), but contributed considerably less than other categories. In the most recent data (2016–2019), older adults (65+ years) had the highest energy-adjusted WG consumption, followed by children 1·5–3 years. Individuals with lower incomes, adolescents and current smokers consumed the least WG. Whole grain intake was associated with generally higher quality diets, specifically consuming more fibre, potassium, Ca, Fe, Mg, fruits/vegetables, pulses/nuts and oily fish and consuming less free sugars, total fat, saturated fat, Na and red/processed meat (Ptrend < 0·001 for all). Despite some dietary improvements in the UK, WG intake appears unchanged from 2008/2012 to 2016/2019.

This manuscript presents a novel three-series-only topology P-insulator-N (PIN) diode single-pole-double-through (SPDT) switch designed to address the challenges of high power handling and low insertion loss in Q-band and V-band communication systems. The manuscript provides a detailed theoretical analysis of series-connected PIN diodes, offering insights into their behavior under both small- and large-signal conditions. Based on GaAs PIN diode technology, the switch operates across a frequency range of 37.7 to 61 GHz, achieving a low insertion loss of 0.707 dB and providing an isolation of 24.6 dB. The proposed SPDT switch demonstrates a high $\text{IP}_{\text{0.1~dB}}$ of 37.6 dBm at 38 GHz. With a compact chip size of $0.905\times 0.885 \text{mm}^2$, including all pads, this work offers excellent power handling capability, making it highly suitable for advanced communication systems in Q-band and V-band applications.

This article investigates the boundaries of the chronological-cultural unit of ‘Early Greece’, a phrase widely used in scholarship but which has little taxonomic meaning. I argue that the phrase, and the values that it encodes, continues to exist in a traditional evolutionary framework of cultural development within the Greek world. Through a bibliographical case study, I further demonstrate that there are different chronological understandings of ‘Early Greece’ within different subdisciplines, with material-based scholarship applying it predominantly to the Early Iron Age and text-based scholarship predominantly to the Archaic period. Following this, the article connects ‘Early Greece’ with protohistory, particularly through the lens of Homer references, and explores the ways in which the positionality of ‘Early Greece’ emphasizes the authority of textual sources over material ones and continues to articulate an under-defined vision of Greece centred on the fifth century BCE.

What was the relationship between national character, government, and civilization for James Mill? This article answers this question by focusing on Indian and British national characters. For Mill, Indian national character was unsuited to trigger the progress of civilization. He questioned how a society with a flawed character could be led toward improvement. This article underlines the importance of human agency for the progress of civilization in Mill’s thought. In order to cause progress, individuals had to voluntarily guide society toward improvement by embracing the principle of utility. Governmental action should create the conditions necessary to bring about individuals of suitable character. Members of the middle class could foster progress better than those of any other class. They could oppose the despotism of the aristocracy and be the driving force of civilization by voluntarily shaping their ideas in accordance with the public good.

Proper nutrition enhances athletes’ performance and recovery during sports activities. This review aims to investigate the effects of nutrition education interventions on dietary intake, nutrition knowledge, and body composition of female athletes. From a comprehensive search, we identified 20 single-arm and 8 double arm studies that met the inclusion criteria. The interventions in these studies ranged from personalized consultations to group workshops. The mode of delivery was mainly face-to-face. Most of these interventions consisted of group sessions with variable duration and frequency. From the studies finally included, nutrition education intervention significantly increased the nutrition knowledge of female athletes in 76% and improved their dietary intake in 67%. However, only 44% of the studies that measured changes in body composition reported significant changes. Moreover, only a minority of studies (14%) maintained follow-up assessments to measure the lasting impact of the interventions. Sixty percent of interventions were delivered by professional nutritionists or dietitians, ensuring high-quality education. There is a need for standardized methodologies and more robust study designs to better assess the effectiveness of nutrition education interventions. Knowing athletes’ preferences when planning education may improve engagement and intervention efficacy. Also, longer-term follow-up of athletes would allow for a more accurate evaluation of the consolidation of acquired knowledge. Including coaches in nutrition education interventions would probably amplify the impact on athletes’ dietary behaviours. Nutrition education can positively influence the knowledge and eating habits of female athletes, but its effect on body composition represents an area where much remains to be explored.