This paper presents a comprehensive study related to the connection between thermalization of cubic nonlinear lattices with nearest-neighbor coupling and the structure of the mixing tensor that arises due to the presence of nonlinearities. The approach is based on rewriting the underlying lattice system as a nonlinear evolution equation governing the dynamics of the modal amplitudes (or projection coefficients). In this formulation, the linear coupling become diagonalizable, whereas all cubic nonlinear terms transform into a combinatorial sum over a product of three modal amplitudes weighted by a fourth-order mixing tensor. The exact structure of several mixing tensors (corresponding to different types of cubic nonlinearities) is found, and their symmetry properties are connected with thermalization or lack thereof. Furthermore, we have observed through direct numerical simulations that the modal occupancies of lattices preserving these tensorial symmetries approach a Rayleigh-Jeans distribution at thermal equilibrium. In addition, we provided few examples that indicate that cubic lattices with broken tensorial symmetries end up not equilibrating to a Rayleigh-Jeans distribution. Finally, an inverse approach to the study of thermalization of cubic nonlinear lattices is developed. The idea is to establish a trade-off between the type of nonlinearities in local base and their respective interactions in supermode base. With this at hand, we were able to identify a large class of nonlinear lattices that are embedded in the modal space and admit a simple form that can be used to shed more light on the role that localization of the supermodes plays in thermalization processes.

In recent years, the manufacturing sector has seen an influx of artificial intelligence applications, seeking to harness its capabilities to improve productivity. However, manufacturing organizations have limited understanding of risks that are posed by the usage of artificial intelligence, especially those related to trust, responsibility, and ethics. While significant effort has been put into developing various general frameworks and definitions to capture these risks, manufacturing and supply chain practitioners face difficulties in implementing these and understanding their impact. These issues can have a significant effect on manufacturing companies, not only at an organization level but also on their employees, clients, and suppliers. This paper aims to increase understanding of trustworthy, responsible, and ethical Artificial Intelligence challenges as they apply to manufacturing and supply chains. We first conduct a systematic mapping study on concepts relevant to trust, responsibility and ethics and their interrelationships. We then use a broadened view of a machine learning lifecycle as a basis to understand how risks and challenges related to these concepts emanate from each phase in the lifecycle. We follow a case study driven approach, providing several illustrative examples that focus on how these challenges manifest themselves in actual manufacturing practice. Finally, we propose a series of research questions as a roadmap for future research in trustworthy, responsible and ethical artificial intelligence applications in manufacturing, to ensure that the envisioned economic and societal benefits are delivered safely and responsibly.

The mission of the Radiation Studies Program (RSP) in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, is to analyze scientific advances, educate the public, and build public health capacity for all communities in the US to reduce morbidity and mortality from unnecessary exposures to radiation—both in daily life and in the event of a radiation emergency. The program accomplishes these goals by collaborating with national and international partners and supporting scientific advancements in collaboration with national and international organizations.

Since 2001, RSP has developed tools, training, and communication products to prepare and support local, state, tribal, and federal agencies in the US that are engaged in a response to a nuclear or radiological incident. This paper summarizes the latest RSP resources, which were presented during the 17th REMPAN Coordination Meeting in Seoul, South Korea, on September 14, 2023.

Who’s Taylor Swift, anyway? In this article, the author will discuss her two most recent albums, The Tortured Poets Department (2024) and The Life of a Showgirl (2025), through the lens of women’s musical and literary madness. This article argues that The Tortured Poets Department was, in essence, a mad scene akin to that of Lucia or Ophelia, and The Life of a Showgirl is what happens when a heroine returns to sanity—if she can be allowed to return at all.

We develop a real options model in which an entrepreneur facing ambiguity makes optimal investment and financing decisions for an innovation project. We introduce jumps in innovation returns and model investors’ aversion to ambiguity in both diffusion and jump risks. Debt accelerates investment by lowering the threshold and shortening expected waiting time, thereby increasing project value. This effect strengthens under greater ambiguity, offering a novel rationale for why debt—not equity—fosters innovation. Our results provide a coherent explanation for recent empirical findings on debt’s role in innovation and contribute to the broader literature on investment under uncertainty.

In Indigenous Lenca communities of western Honduras, craft production is a central livelihood that has economically supported artisan households for generations. In some communities, crafts like pottery are regarded as cultural patrimony, with socioeconomic and spiritual value that reflects Lenca identity. However, perceptions of which crafts are “Lenca tradition” and what it means to be a Lenca person in Honduras today vary greatly among the general public. Narratives of indigeneity are heavily shaped by the state and national tourism industry. Promotion of Lenca crafts, considered most commercially appealing, dominates national tourism marketing but often misaligns with how Lenca artisans define themselves and their craft practices. Constructions of “national identity” distance artisans from directly interacting with tourists and disconnect them from controlling the promotion of their respective identities and livelihoods. Through a comparative analysis of craft practices in five Lenca communities that are variably defined as “traditional” either in the tourism industry or by artisans themselves, this work asks: How have state-constructed definitions of “tradition” shaped public understanding of Indigenous Lenca identity in Honduras, from the colonial period to the present? How do these misconceptions impact Lenca artisans participating in the national tourism industry? How do Lenca artisans themselves define their contemporary craft practices and react against inaccurate identity narratives affecting their livelihoods? Drawing on neoliberal multiculturalism, this project explores complex and changing definitions of “tradition” and reactive strategies artisans use to maintain craft livelihoods and reclaim ownership of what it means to be an Indigenous Lenca artisan in Honduras today.

In an interview with Jonas Salk, the inventor of the first polio vaccine, when asked whether he owned the patents for the vaccine, Salk replied with a rhetorical question: “Could you patent the sun?” Decades later, patents about the Sun indeed emerged as solar radiation modification (SRM) technologies advanced. The current international legal system does not preclude the patenting of SRM technologies, primarily on the basis of the principle of technology neutrality in the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement). Since SRM has inherent dual effects – its potential benefits in helping reduce climate risk coexist with significant potential risks, including environmental harm and governance challenges. Risk regulation may require the exclusion of patents for certain SRM technologies. This article examines the potential grounds and current proposals to prohibit patents on certain SRM technologies, and the challenges these proposals may face under the principle of technology neutrality under the TRIPS Agreement. It then seeks to overcome the challenges by proposing to incorporate ex ante risk considerations into the patent system, which could be best implemented through a sui generis regulatory framework for SRM regulation that includes a prohibition on SRM patents.

Turnout appeals are amplified in highly polarized, hotly contested elections like 2020. The political environment included social justice unrest, overt appeals to white male voters, and new voting procedures which resonated differently across intersectional identities. Gender and race politics intertwined to create a charged environment for mobilization and for social pressure to vote. We expect the nature and effectiveness of turnout appeals to have varied by race and gender intersections. In addition, given past behavior and the climate of protest, we expect individuals under 30 were less responsive to social pressures to vote. Using data from the 2020 Collaborative Multiracial Post-Election Survey (CMPS 2020), we examine whether individuals with different intersectional identities varied in their perception of social pressure to vote as well as in the effectiveness of that pressure. We find that voters are sensitive to social pressure appeals, but both perception and responsiveness vary with intersectional identity.

This paper investigates the connection between political settlements and foreign policy in Tanzania, focusing on how domestic power shifts impact external relations. Utilising Political Settlements Analysis (PSA), it examines the transition from John Magufuli’s presidency to Samia Suluhu Hassan’s, uncovering how elite configurations and intra-party dynamics shape foreign policy choices. The analysis draws on fieldwork, interviews and document reviews, revealing how changes in Tanzania’s political settlement – from Magufuli’s centralisation and populism to Hassan’s return to cooperative diplomacy – have influenced policies on resource management, international legal commitments and regional engagement. By illustrating the reciprocal relationship between domestic political configurations and foreign policy, this paper not only enhances the understanding of Tanzania’s case but also contributes to broader debates on the significance of political settlements in shaping the foreign policies of African states.

This article explores the institutional conditions behind the electoral rise of regional parties in Indian states. I argue that in regions where national parties are less organized, voters are more likely to support regional parties. This organizational weakness is initially affected by regionally based social cleavages, which undermine the internal cohesion of national parties. A nationalized party platform requiring all regional branches to coordinate under a shared agenda struggles to address these cleavages. Finally, regional-level politicians may defect from national parties and align with regional parties that better represent their constituents. Using path analysis, I test these claims, and the results support my hypotheses.

An enduring challenge for the human evolutionary sciences is to integrate the palaeoanthropological record of human evolution and speciation with the archaeological record of change and differentiation in hominin lifeways. The simplest hypothesis, and therefore an attractive hypothesis, is that change is made possible by, and reflects, evolutionary change in the capacity of individual humans. The very long-term trend of increasing diversity and sophistication of technical and social lifeways (albeit with noise and periods of stasis) reflects long-term trends of increasing cognitive capacity linked to bipedality, followed by body size increase, encephalization and slow life history. We suggest instead that the long-term trend sees a gradual decoupling of human lifeways from the intrinsic capacities of individual people. We develop this view through an analysis of the Middle Stone Age and behavioural modernity, arguing that these depend on mosaics of social and individual factors, none clearly connected to specific evolved changes in individual humans.