Excessive calorie, sugar and salt intake in children’s diets is a public health concern(1). The UK government introduced voluntary salt(2) and sugar(3) reduction programmes to improve the nutritional content of key food categories. Breakfast cereals are an important breakfast choice in children’s diet and are frequently marketed using child-appealing packages(4). This study aims to assess the impact of these initiatives on improving breakfast cereals with child-appealing packaging from 2020 to 2023.

We conducted repeated cross-sectional surveys yearly from 2020 to 2023, collecting data on energy, total sugars, fibre, and salt content per 100g from the nutrition information panel of breakfast cereals available in nine major UK retailers and meeting the child-appealing packaging (e.g. cartoons) criteria(5). Statistical analysis, including the Friedman test and χ2 tests, was performed to assess changes in nutritional content over time and compliance with the salt and sugar reduction programmes.

Total number of breakfast cereals surveyed each year were n=119, n=126, n=138, and n=133, respectively, with 80 products consistently surveyed (matched) across all four years. Matched breakfast cereals (n=80) showed statistically significant reductions in median total sugars and salt content in 2023 compared to 2020: median (Interquartile Range) total sugars reduced from 22g/100g (15.6-25.9) in 2020 to 19.9g/100g (15.5-22.6) in 2023 (P<0.001), and median (IQR) salt reduced from 0.50g/100g (0.28-0.70) in 2020 to 0.43g/100g (0.24-0.65) in 2023, (P=0.037). No significant changes were observed in energy or fibre contents, (p>0.05). Despite the modest reductions, 81% of breakfast cereals (n=133) collected in 2023 continued to exceed the recommended sugar reduction guideline (12.3g/100g), while only 6% exceeded the maximum salt target (0.90g/100g). Additionally, around 40% of breakfast cereals cereals in 2023 contained a third (per 30g) of a 4-6-year-old’s maximum daily recommendation of free sugars (19 g/d). There were significant variations in sugar, fibre and salt content between and across different retailers and manufacturers (P<0.05).

Our findings show modest yet ongoing reductions in sugar and salt content since 2020, demonstrating the potential feasibility of reformulating breakfast cereals. However, breakfast cereals with child-appealing packaging continue to be a major source of sugar in children’s diets. These findings demonstrate the urgent need for mandatory and comprehensive sugar reduction policies to effectively reduce children’s sugar consumption. Additionally, regulatory measures should be introduced to ensure companies use child-appealing tactics on their healthiest breakfast cereals to improve children’s food preferences, and diet. These steps are essential, building on the potential impact of the UK voluntary reduction programmes to improve children’s health and help reduce childhood obesity.

The rapid development of AI has resulted in an unprecedented paradigm shift across various industries, with aerospace among the laureates of this transformation. This review paper attempts to explore and provide comprehensive overview of the aerospace research imperatives from the AI perspective, detailing the technical sides of the full lifecycle from vehicle design and operational optimisation to advanced air traffic management systems. By examining real-world engineering implementations, the review demonstrates how AI-driven solutions are directly addressing longstanding challenges in aerospace, such as optimising flight performance, reducing operational costs and improving system reliability. A significant emphasis is placed on the crucial roles of AI in health monitoring and predictive maintenance, areas that are pivotal for ensuring the safety and longevity of aerospace endeavors, and which are now increasingly adopted in industry for remaining useful life (RUL) forecasting and condition-based maintenance strategies. The paper also discusses AI embedded in quality control and inspection processes, where it boosts accuracy, efficiency and fault detection capability. The review provides insight into the state-of-the-art applications of AI in planetary exploration, particularly within the realms of autonomous scientific instrumentation and robotic prospecting, as well as surface operations on extraterrestrial bodies. An important case study is India’s Chandrayaan-3 mission, demonstrating the application of AI in both autonomous navigation and scientific exploration within the challenging environments of space. By furnishing an overview of the field, the paper frames the ever-important, increasing domains of AI as the forefront in the advancement of aerospace engineering and opens avenues for further discussion regarding the limitless possibilities at the juncture of intelligent systems and aerospace innovation.

We investigate the effects of external harmonic forcing on flow through a duct with square cross-section containing two circular orifice plates – a double-orifice cavity – at an operating condition where self-sustained limit cycle oscillations are observed. When the oscillatory flow is periodically forced at a frequency $f_f$ near its natural frequency $f_n$ ($0.9\leqslant f_f /f_n \leqslant 1.1$), it undergoes lock-in and amplitude suppression through synchronous quenching. We observe phase-drifting (or phase-slipping) prior to lock-in that happens via a saddle-node bifurcation. However, when the flow system is forced far from its natural frequency ($0.8\leqslant f_f /f_n\leqslant 0.9$ and $1.1\leqslant f_f /f_n\leqslant 1.4$) lock-in happens via asynchronous quenching through a Neimark–Sacker bifurcation (torus death). In asynchronous quenching, phase-drifting and phase-trapping are observed before lock-in. An asymmetry is present in the synchronization map on forcing either side of the natural frequency, which becomes more pronounced in the asynchronous quenching regime. There is also an observed saturation of the synchronization map for $f_f/f_n\gt 1$ over the range of frequencies explored. Subharmonic synchronization or $1:2$ lock-in with period-two oscillations is also observed when the system is forced near $f_n/2$ ($ 0.49 \leqslant f_f /f_n \leqslant 0.51$). The route to lock-in consists of a three frequency regime where subharmonics of the forcing frequency ($f_f/2$ and $f_f/3$) play an important role in the dynamics. The transition from $1:1$ to $1:2$ lock-in occurs via a de-lock-in regime ($ 0.55 \leqslant f_f /f_n \leqslant 0.65$), where a lock-in boundary is present; i.e. the system delocks after lock-in if the amplitude is raised beyond a critical value. The de-lock-in regime is also characterized by a nonlinear phase drift after de-lock-in and a significant jump in the forcing amplitude for lock-in for $f_f/f_n=0.6$. Amplification is observed for $f_f/f_n\gt 1$ and also in the $1:2$ lock-in and de-lock-in regimes where the total signal power exceeds the unforced system’s power for small increases in forcing amplitude after lock-in. Based on these results, we identify the asynchronous quenching regime for $f_f/f_n\lt 1$ as the optimal frequency range where active control is most effective. Finally, we introduce a reduced-order phenomenological model based on vortex–acoustic interaction dynamics from first principles. The model correctly identifies the four regimes, their dynamics leading to lock-in, and asymmetry and saturation in the synchronization map.

A brooch found in a mid-first-century AD context at the Roman port of Berenike, on the Red Sea coast of Egypt, represents the southernmost find of an Aucissa-type fibula. The item reflects the identity of its wearer, possibly a Roman soldier, for whom it may have held sentimental value.

University students consume relatively more unhealthy foods than healthy foods(1,2). This is concerning as poor dietary patterns could link to poor health. In the context of this study, modifying university students’ diets could maintain or improve their health.

Since the establishment of the Eatwell Guide, its adherence rate has been low(3), and only limited research on the topic. There is a potential gap in understanding how the Eatwell Guide is viewed as a health-promoting tool. It is also worth studying if university students see this tool as helpful for healthy eating. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the university students’ perceptions regarding the role of the Eatwell Guide, with the objective of identifying the university student’s perceived barriers and facilitators to using the Eatwell Guide.

Convenience, purposive, and snowball sampling were used to recruit participants (n=12) in London. Participants were divided into two groups for semi-structured focus group interviews. One focus group consisted of public health nutrition students (n=6) and another group was students of other disciplines (n=6). Public health nutrition students were recruited as their views could be significant in the effectiveness of the Eatwell Guide implementation, given their job nature. A thematic analysis was used to generate codes and themes.

Four themes emerged from the analysis: Healthy Eating Perception, Obstacles to Using the Eatwell Guide, Enablers to Use the Eatwell Guide, and Differences Between the Two Groups. Participants’ perceptions of healthy eating were different from the Eatwell Guide. Participants identified personal (financial situation, time consideration, preferences, and nutrition conception) and environmental factors (food availability, accessibility, and marketing strategies to promote unhealthy foods) as the obstacles to using the Eatwell Guide, while improving the food environment and the feasibility of the Eatwell Guide could be the facilitators. The nutritionist group is more knowledgeable about the Eatwell Guide. However, they also face the above obstacles that the non-nutritionist group faces when practising healthy eating.

Eating practice is highly individual, which makes it a complex area to intervene. The originality of this study contributes to the limited literature on the Eatwell Guide by increasing the understanding of factors that deter or help university students from using the Eatwell Guide for healthy eating. The findings could serve as monitoring and evaluation to inform what could result in the low adherence rate to the Eatwell Guide. The findings could also inform public health policy development to create more tailored interventions and improve the food environment for university students. Future research could replicate this study to evaluate the Eatwell Guide in wider populations and explore strategies to communicate it to reach different populations. Foremost, research is needed to examine ways to make the food environment more enabling for university students to improve public health.

Leviathan’s famous pronouncement that England had been ‘reduced to the Independency of the Primitive Christians’ has often been understood to signal support for the newly ascendant Cromwellian Independents in England. This article ventures an alternative reading of the passage by investigating the notion of ‘Independency’ with an eye to wider European political discourses. Scholars such as Francisco Suárez contended for the natural independence of temporal sovereigns while specifying the juridical rights and reach of imperial power. The fact that Christ and the Apostles had eschewed involvement in temporal affairs clarified this initial independency. This original state was especially important in French narratives aimed at securing autonomy against both empire and church. In light of this, Hobbes’s statement may be interpreted as endorsing a time-delimited notion of free conscience given England’s ruinous political state, but one looking forward to the unified rule of a sovereign with civil and ecclesiastical power.

Pulses (dry, edible, non-oil seeds of Leguminosae or Favaceae family) are considered beneficial for our health and environment due to their macro- and micronutrient profile, presence of bioactive compounds, long shelf life, affordability and low climate impact (1, 2). However, there is very little research on pulse consumption within the UK except a few studies using the national diet and nutrition survey data (2). Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the knowledge, attitude and practice of purchasing pulses and explore specific drivers and barriers for the consumption of pulses within a sample of UK adult population.

Data was collected using an anonymous, online quantitative survey adapted from a European study (3). Survey questions were organised into sections to create distinct pathways depending on whether the respondent was a consumer or non-consumer. Question types were limited to checkbox grids, multiple choice, Likert scales and open text questions. Descriptive statistics was used for nominal data and presented as frequencies or percentages. Chi Squared or Fisher’s Exact test was used to determine statistically significant associations between demographic groups and data relating to knowledge (familiarly, frequency, variety), attitude (drivers or barriers) and practices (use of pulses). A Friedman Test was used for comparison of categorical data between different demographic groups.

Of the 61 participants, more were pulse consumers (n=59) than non-consumers (n=2). Majority of the pulse consumers were >40 years old, female, from White British background, not living alone, employed, with education status at postgraduate level or above and following an omnivorous diet. Majority of consumers had a high familiarity of pulses (94.6%), a high frequency of consumption (54.8%) with a medium variety of pulses (51.6%). Despite high familiarity and high frequency of consumption, a small variety of pulses (red kidney beans and chickpeas) were consumed. Health was the main driver for consuming pulses (39.7%), especially in the >40 years demographic. A statistically significant association was observed between frequency and variety of pulses (x2(4)=25.844, p<0.001); age and convenience (x2(2)=34.630, p=0.04); age and “being healthy” (x2(2)=10.106, p=0.001); ethnicity and “being filling” (x2(2)=8.078, p=0.001); dietary preference and foods replaced with pulses (x2(2)=6.357, p=0.042). Most participants who reported themselves as omnivores ate higher levels of pulses and used pulses as a replacement for meat. Preparation, sensory and digestion issues were the greatest barriers to consumption reported by non-consumers.

This study provides evidence for ‘linking health and pulse consumption’ when promoting pulses in the UK. Further research is required to understand the barriers and drivers for the consumption of pulses from a larger sample with greater socio-demographic diversity. Innovative solutions are needed to address the consumption of a small variety of pulses in the UK.

The evaporation of liquid from within a porous medium is a complicated process involving coupled capillary flow, vapour diffusion and phase change. Different drying behaviour is observed at different stages during the process. Initially, liquid is drawn to the surface by capillary forces, where it evaporates at a near constant rate; thereafter, a drying front recedes into the material, with a slower net evaporation rate. Modelling drying porous media accurately is challenging due to the multitude of relevant spatial and temporal scales, and the large number of constitutive laws required for model closure. Key aspects of the drying process, including the net evaporation rate and the time of the sudden transition between stages, are not well understood or reliably predicted. We derive simplified mathematical models for both stages of this drying process by systematically reducing an averaged continuum multi-phase flow model, using the method of matched asymptotic expansions, in the physically relevant limit of slow vapour diffusion relative to the local evaporation rate (the large-Péclet-number limit). By solving our reduced models, we compute the evolving net evaporation rate, fluid fluxes and saturation profiles, and estimate the transition time to be when the initial constant-rate-period model ceases to be valid. We additionally characterise properties of the constitutive laws that affect the qualitative drying behaviour: the model is shown to exhibit a receding-front period only if the relative permeability for the liquid phase decays sufficiently quickly relative to the blow up in the capillary pressure as the liquid saturation decreases.

EAT-Lancet Commission on Healthy Diets from Sustainable Food Systems proposed a global healthy reference diet that addressed both the needs for health and environmental sustainability (1). As the diet was predominately plant-based, there are concerns about the iodine adequacy of the EAT-Lancet reference diet (2). Other studies have examined the provision of micronutrients but did not include iodine (3). Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the iodine provided by EAT-Lancet reference diet in 16 countries around the world, using country-specific food tables.

Each food code in the EAT-Lancet reference diet was matched with nationally-representative food composition data and the iodine content was extracted. Total iodine provided by the EAT-Lancet diet was calculated for each country and compared against iodine intake recommendations (adults: 150μg/day, pregnancy 200-250μg/day). Iodine content was calculated for two dietary scenarios: strict adherence to the EAT-Lancet diet (Tier 1) and an expanded version with more varied food items (Tier 2). The iodine content of a vegan version of the EAT-Lancet reference diet was also calculated.

Sixteen countries with iodine data were included. Iodine content in the Tier 1 diet ranged from 45μg/day in New Zealand to 128μg/day in the UK, covering 30-85% of the adult RNI. In Tier 2, the iodine content increased in countries that used iodised salt in bread making but remained below the RNI in most countries. Dairy foods, fish, and eggs were the primary contributors to iodine intake in most countries. However, the wholegrain group was the primary contributor in countries that add iodised salt to bread products. The vegan version of the EAT-Lancet reference diet did not cover the RNI for adults or pregnancy in both tiers of analysis, meeting less than 10% of recommended intake in some countries.

This study highlights the need for further evaluation of plant-based dietary recommendations to ensure iodine sufficiency is not compromised, particularly in populations with limited access to iodine-rich plant-based foods and without iodine fortification programmes.

Climate change will impact wind and, therefore, wind power generation with largely unknown effects and magnitude. Climate models can provide insight and should be used for long-term power planning. In this work, we use Gaussian processes to predict power output given wind speeds from a global climate model. We validate the aggregated predictions from past climate model data with actual power generation, which supports using CMIP6 climate model data for multi-decadal wind power predictions and highlights the importance of being location-aware. We find that wind power projections for the two in-between climate scenarios, SSP2–4.5 and SSP3–7.0, closely align with actual wind power generation between 2015 and 2023. Our location-aware future predictions up to 2050 reveal only minor changes in yearly wind power generation. Our analysis also reveals larger uncertainty associated with Germany’s coastal areas in the North than Germany’s South, motivating wind power expansion in regions where the future wind is likely more reliable. Overall, our results indicate that wind energy will likely remain a reliable energy source.

Following Scott & Cambon (2024 J. Fluid Mech. vol. 979, A17), henceforth referred to as [I], a spectral approach is used and the flow is expressed as a sum of normal modes, which are of two types: inertial/gravity waves and non-propagating (NP) modes. It was shown in [I] that, for weak (small Rossby or Froude number) turbulence, the NP component of the flow decouples from the waves at leading order and here we focus on the NP part alone. It is demonstrated that the evolution equations of the NP component are equivalent to the three-dimensional, quasi-geostrophic (QG) approximation of geophysical fluid dynamics. For QG turbulence, the seminal paper of Charney (1971 J. Atmos. Sci. vol. 28, pp. 1087–1095), referred to as [II], concluded that, as for two-dimensional turbulence, the energy cascade for QG turbulence should go from smaller to larger scales and that the inertial-range spectrum at wavenumber $k$ should behave as $k^{-3}$. He also proposed that the energy distribution in spectral space is isotropic if the vertical wavenumber is appropriately scaled and deduced a principle of equipartition in which the average kinetic energy is twice the potential one. We use Charney’s transformation of spectral coordinates to effectively eliminate the parameter $\beta =2{\varOmega} /N$, where ${\varOmega}$ is the rotation rate and $N$ the Brunt–Vaisala frequency, and give results of numerical calculations concerning the energy distribution. The results mostly agree with [II] at large enough times, although they do not support Charney isotropy. They further suggest self-similarity of the time evolution of the three-dimensional energy distribution in spectral space away from the vertical axis.

This paper presents an experimental application of reactive control to jet installation noise based on destructive interference. The work is motivated by the success of previous studies in applying this control approach to mixing layers (Sasaki et al. Theor. 2018b Comput. Fluid Dyn. 32, 765–788), boundary layers (Brito et al. 2021 Exp. Fluids 62, 1–13; Audiffred et al. 2023 Phys. Rev. Fluids 8, 073902), flow over a backward-facing step (Martini et al. 2022 J. Fluid Mech. 937, A19) and, more recently, to turbulent jets (Maia et al. 2021 Phys. Rev. Fluids 6, 123901; Maia et al. 2022 Phys. Rev. Fluids 7, 033903; Audiffred et al. 2024b J. Fluid Mech. 994, A15). We exploit the fact that jet–surface interaction noise is underpinned by wavepackets that can be modelled in a linear framework and develop a linear control strategy where piezoelectric actuators situated at the edge of a scattering surface are driven in real time by sensor measurements in the near field of the jet, the objective being to reduce noise radiated in the acoustic field. The control mechanism involves imposition of an anti-dipole at the trailing edge to cancel the scattering dipole that arises due to an incident wavepacket perturbation. We explore two different control strategies: (i) the inverse feed-forward approach, where causality is imposed by truncating the control kernel, and (ii) the Wiener–Hopf approach, where causality is optimally enforced in building the control kernel. We show that the Wiener–Hopf approach has better performance than that obtained using the truncated inverse feed-forward kernel. We also explore different positions of the near-field sensors and show that control performance is better for sensors installed for streamwise positions downstream in the jet plume, where the signature of hydrodynamic wavepacket is better captured by the sensors. Broadband noise reductions of up to 50 % are achieved.

This article examines how Native Nations and institutions have been affected by a new directive in the revised NAGPRA regulations, the duty of care provision (43 CFR 10.1(d)), with a focus on the care of Indigenous Ancestral remains and cultural items. The Native Nation’s perspective is provided by the Osage Nation and the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians. The South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology; the University of Tennessee, Knoxville; the Illinois State Museum; and Indiana University share their viewpoints as institutions that house Indigenous Ancestral remains, cultural items, and archaeological collections and describe the initial impacts of the revised legislation on their programs. There are several key takeaways of its initial effects, including (1) an increased burden to Native Nations, given the substantial uptick in requests for consultation linked to new requirements for consent and the revised definitions of cultural items and research (although the end result of more consultations leading to repatriations is desired), (2) a disconnect between Native Nations and institutions regarding cultural item identification, (3) a strengthening of existing NAGPRA-related institutional policies and procedures, and (4) an emphasis on the importance of consultation between institutions and Native Nations to facilitate repatriation.

We seek to understand the factors that drive mortality in the contiguous United States using data that are indexed by county and year and grouped into 18 different age bins. We propose a model that adds two important contributions to existing mortality studies. First, we treat age as a random effect. This is an improvement over previous models because it allows the model in one age group to borrow information from other age groups. Second, we utilize Gaussian Processes to create nonlinear covariate effects for predictors such as unemployment rate, race, and education level. This allows for a more flexible relationship to be modeled between mortality and these predictors. Understanding that the United States is expansive and diverse, we allow for many of these effects to vary by location. The flexibility in how predictors relate to mortality has not been used in previous mortality studies and will result in a more accurate model and a more complete understanding of the factors that drive mortality. Both the multivariate nature of the model as well as the spatially varying non-linear predictors will advance the study of mortality and will allow us to better examine the relationships between the predictors and mortality.

The fly Heleomyza serrata (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Heleomyzidae) is reported to range widely throughout the United States of America and Canada. However, in Eurasia, this species is restricted to northern regions; in central and southern Europe, H. serrata is replaced by the similar species H. captiosa (Gorodkov), which can be distinguished from H. serrata by the male genitalia. We report H. captiosa from Kentucky, United States of America, the first Nearctic record of this species. The taxonomy of Nearctic Heleomyza Fallén is discussed, and we propose to transfer three species to the genus Scoliocentra Loew: Scoliocentra (Scoliocentra) bisetata (Garrett) comb. nov., S. (Leriola Gorodkov) latens (Aldrich) comb. nov., and S. (L.) nebulosa (Coquillett) comb. nov. We recognise Anypotacta Czerny as a subgenus of Heleomyza and transfer the two Nearctic species to that genus: H. (A.) aldrichi Garrett comb. nov. and H. (A.) gilli nom. nov. (new replacement name for Anypotacta czernyi Gill, 1962). Finally, we provide an updated key to Nearctic Heleomyza and morphologically similar species of Scoliocentra. Further study will be required to ascertain the range and abundance of H. captiosa in North America.

In this article we offer an editio princeps of a new inscription from the Cycladic island of Paros and discuss its implications for understanding Parian co-operation with Dionysiοs I of Syracuse in the Adriatic in the early fourth century BCE. We argue that the text throws light on the Parian colonization of Pharos, and is related to activities of the Parians in the Adriatic in what seems to be the result of local Parian strife and strong anti-Athenian affiliations on Paros. We explore possible interpretations of the inscribed decree and their implications for the relationship between the Parians and Dionysios.