In the Amazon region, Arapaima gigas holds significant gastronomic and cultural value compared to other fish species due to its large size. This fish is home to various helminth species that parasitise primarily its gastrointestinal organs. During the 2023 dry season, a total of 60 gastrointestinal organs from A. gigas specimens were collected from a fisheries management program conducted by local residents within the Mamirauá Reserve. For gastric parasitological analysis, each organ was separated in containers, and the parasites were recovered, washed, and fixed in 70% alcohol for analysis by light and scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, stomach samples of the hosts infected with parasites were fixed in 10% formalin for histopathological examination. 16% of the parasitised fish presented ulcerative areas in the gastric mucosa of varying degrees. Microscopically, a severe inflammatory reaction with infiltration of eosinophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages was observed, associated with co-infection by Goezia spinulosa and Neoterranova serrata. Additionally, morphological and morphometric data aided by scanning electron microscopy for N. serrata were added.

Discrimination of vowel and consonant pairs is influenced by their order, known as perceptual asymmetry, and recent research suggests a similar effect for lexical tones. This study tested whether discrimination of two consecutive tones is easier when a dynamic contour tone (e.g., rising/falling) precedes a static-level tone (e.g., low/high) than vice versa. Thai-speaking children aged 4, 6, and 8 years and adults completed an AX task with four tone pairs in dynamic–static and static–dynamic orders. Adults showed no perceptual asymmetry, possibly due to ceiling effects. However, children in all three age groups discriminated dynamic–static pairs better than static–dynamic pairs. Although tone discrimination improved across age groups, the magnitude of the dynamic–static over static–dynamic advantage remained stable. These findings reveal a dynamic–static bias in tone perception that emerges before age four and remains stable into the school years. Implications for segmental asymmetries and theories of speech perception are discussed.

The National Labor Relations Act no longer protects the right to unionize because business organizations and their allies have succeeded in redirecting the statute to protect their interests over workers’ right to collective action. This paper examines how processes of conversion have reshaped the agency charged with enforcement—the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB). I argue that conversion does not produce institutional collapse but rather internal fragmentation, creating space for normative subcultures of enforcement. Drawing on interviews with NLRB officials and publicly available agency documents, I find that mission-committed officials sustained the agency’s original pro-worker mission through two strategies: mining latent legal resources within the statute and building external partnerships for proactive enforcement. These enforcement subcultures differ from the “pockets of effectiveness” identified in developing countries—they operate within fragmented institutions rather than controlling whole agencies, requiring strategic adaptation to shifting political conditions.

The findings bridge historical institutionalism and public administration scholarship, showing how bureaucratic legacies enable resistance to institutional change. They also illuminate urgent questions about whether such resistance can survive systematic civil service dismantling, with implications beyond labor law for understanding mission-driven governance under authoritarian pressure.

This article examines the position of the Slovak minority in the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) during the Second World War, focusing on the tension between official discourses of interstate friendship and local experiences of insecurity. Drawing on extensive archival sources, including diplomatic correspondence and administrative and security reports, it shows how ethnic Slovaks were formally portrayed as members of a friendly nation while remaining exposed to administrative exclusion, stigmatization, and violence in peripheral regions. Inspired by selected insights from Brubaker, Wimmer, and Kalyvas — used as heuristic points of reference rather than deductive frameworks — the article conceptualizes this ambivalent position as that of a “frenemy” minority: symbolically included yet structurally marginalized. It argues that the deterioration of the Slovak community’s security from 1942 onward resulted from an uncoordinated syncretism of centrally implemented policies of ethnic exclusion and processes of state degradation, manifested in fragmented authority and the brutalization of local actors. By highlighting the gap between declared friendship and practical neglect, the article contributes to debates on minority governance under fascist rule and on the effects of weak state capacity and localized violence in wartime authoritarian contexts.

For an $\omega $-categorical theory T and model $\mathcal {M}$ of T we define a hierarchy of ranks, the n-ranks for $n < \omega $ which only care about imaginary elements “up to level n,” where level n contains every element of M and every imaginary element that is an equivalence class of an $\emptyset $-definable equivalence relation on n-tuples of elements from M. Using the n-rank we define the notion of n-independence. For all $n < \omega $, the n-independence relation restricted to $M_n$ has all properties of an independence relation according to Kim and Pillay [17] with the possible exception of the symmetry property. We prove that, given any $n < \omega $, if $\mathcal {M} \models T$ and the algebraic closure in $\mathcal {M}^{\text {eq}}$ restricted to imaginary elements “up to level n” which have n-rank 1 (over some set of parameters) satisfies the exchange property, then n-independence is symmetric and hence an independence relation when restricted to $M_n$. Then we show that if n-independence is symmetric for all $n < \omega $, then T is rosy. An application of this is that if T has geometric elimination of imaginaries and the algebraic closure in $\mathcal {M}$ restricted to elements of M of 0-rank 1 (over some set of parameters from $M^{\text {eq}}$) satisfies the exchange property, then T is superrosy with finite $U^{{{\unicode{x00FE}} }}$-rank.

This paper presents a brief history of archival provenance and its shifting role across different paradigms of archives, considering how this past work can provide insights into current trajectories of AI. It explores what archival provenance does, or can do, differently than current imaginations of data provenance in AI. It proposes three “lessons from archival provenance” that challenge the present focus of existing approaches in AI, in particular highlighting how narrowly this work structures and models evidence, authenticity and creatorship of data. These lessons can be used to identify new opportunities for applying concepts of archival provenance by presenting a roadmap for future work where AI research might align and converge with related work in archival theory. It concludes by asserting that grounding AI datasets in this perspective of archival provenance can realize a new paradigm of “data as archives,” serving to envision responsibilities to a range of data creators, determine needs for documentation of context and establish a crucial role for “data archivists.”

The linearised Navier–Stokes (LNS) equations are employed in channel flow to study linear amplification mechanisms from an input–output point of view. We consider two models: the full LNS system and a simplified model. In the simplified model, we retain only the forcing pathways that pertain to the shear-driven lift-up mechanism. This approach enables individual analysis of the Orr–Sommerfeld and Squire operators as subsystems, revealing the relationship between linear amplification and the linear mechanisms from which it arises. We examine wavenumber regions corresponding to streamwise streaks, oblique waves and Tollmien–Schlichting (TS) waves, linking the underlying mechanisms back to the LNS equations. Analysis is performed for laminar Poiseuille flow, laminar Couette flow and turbulent Poiseuille flow using an eddy-viscosity model. Results indicate that the Orr–Sommerfeld system amplifies regions for streamwise streaks, oblique waves and TS waves, whereas the Squire system only amplifies streamwise streaks and oblique waves. Leading modal structures between the full and simplified models are also compared.

We propose a spatially resolved B-integral measurement method for high-power laser drivers based on off-axis aberration characterization. Theoretical analysis confirms the feasibility and high precision of this approach, in which coma-shaped intensity modulation is intentionally introduced into the laser system, imprinting nonlinear phase modulation with a corresponding aberration profile. The B-integral is then extracted by measuring the coma component of the output beam using a Shack–Hartmann sensor. The experimental results demonstrate a 5.8% deviation between the measured and simulated B-integral values for coma aberration, showing that the proposed method significantly outperforms the defocus-based measurement method (67.4% error) in terms of error reduction. This method does not require modifications to the laser setup, offers a single-shot measurement capability and achieves high accuracy and excellent repeatability. The direct quantification of wavefront phase distortions provides a practical solution for nonlinear phase modulation diagnostics in high-power laser systems.