Suppose that is a distribution of N points in U0, the closed disc of unit area and centred at the origin 0. For every measurable set B in ℝ2, let Z[; B] denote the number of ponts of in B, and write

where µ denotes the usual measure in ℝ2

This paper presents new proofs of some classical transcendence theorems. We use real variable methods, and hence obtain only the real variable versions of the theorems we consider: the Hermite-Lindemann theorem, the Gelfond-Schneider theorem, and the Six Exponentials theorem. We do not appeal to the Siegel lemma to build auxiliary functions. Instead, the proof employs certain natural determinants formed by evaluating n functions at n points (alternants), and two mean value theorems for alternants. The first, due to Pólya, gives sufficient conditions for an alternant to be non-vanishing. The second, due to H. A. Schwarz, provides an upper bound.

Given ξ in [0, 1] let ξ = [0, a1, a2…] denote a simple continued fraction expansion of ξ Given the expansion ξ = [0, a1, a2, …] let

Thus with the conventions p1 = q0 = 1 and q−1 = p0 = 0 we have

Let K be an algebraic number field, [ K: ] = KΣ. Most of what we shall discuss is trivial when K = , so that we assume that K ≥ 2 from now onwards. To describe our results, we consider the classical device [2] of Minkowski, whereby K is embedded (diagonally-) into the direct product MK of its completions at its (inequivalent) infinite places. Thus MK is -algebra isomorphic to , and is to be regarded as a topological -algebra, dimRMK = K, in which K is everywhere dense, while the ring Zx of integers of K embeds as a discrete -submodule of rank K. Following the ideas implicit in Hecke's fundamental papers [6] we may measure the “spatial distribution” of points of MK (modulo units of κ) by means of a canonical projection onto a certain torus . The principal application of our main results (Theorems I–III described below) is to the study of the spatial distribution of the which have a fixed norm n = NK/Q(α). In §2 we shall show that, with suitable interpretations, for “typical” n (for which NK/Q(α) = n is soluble), these α have “almost uniform” spatial distribution under the canonical projection onto TK. Analogous questions have been considered by several authors (see, e.g., [5, 9, 14]), but in all cases, they have considered weighted averages over such n of a type which make it impossible to make useful statements for “typical” n.

Let k ≤ 2 be an integer, and set

Ek (X) = |{n ≤ X, n ≠ mk, n not a sum of a prime and a k-th power}|.

We prove that there exists δ = δ(k) > 0 such that Ek (X)Ek(X)≪kX1−δ.

§1. Introduction. The literature on solving a system of linear equations in primes is quite limited, although the multi-dimensional Hardy-Littlewood method certainly provides an approach to this problem. The Goldbach- Vinogradov theorem and van der Corput's proof of the existence of infinitely many three term arithmetic progressions in primes are two particular results in the special case of only one equation. Recently Liu and Tsang [4] studied this case in full generality and obtained a result with excellent uniformity in the coefficients. Almost no other general result has appeared so far, due probably to the fact that such a theorem is clumsy to state.

The object of this paper is to obtain improvements in Vinogradov's mean value theorem widely applicable in additive number theory. Let Js,k(P) denote the number of solutions of the simultaneous diophantine equations

with 1 ≥ xi, yi ≥ P for 1 ≥ i ≥ s. In the mid-thirties Vinogradov developed a new method (now known as Vinogradov's mean value theorem) which enabled him to obtain fairly strong bounds for Js,k(P). On writing

in which e(α) denotes e2πiα, we observe that

where Tk denotes the k-dimensional unit cube, and α = (α1,…,αk).

Three differently defined classes of two-symbol sequences, which we call the two-distance sequences, the linear sequences and the characteristic sequences, have been discussed by a number of authors and some equivalences between them are known. We present a self-contained proof that the three classes are the same (when ambiguous cases of linear sequences are suitably in terpreted). Associated with each sequence is a real invariant (having a different appropriate definition for each of the three classes). We give results on the relation between sequences with the same invariant and on the symmetry of the sequences. The sequences are closely related to Beatty sequences and occur as digitized straight lines and quasicrystals. They also provide examples of minimal word proliferation in formal languages.

A well-known theorem of Hardy and Littlewood gives a three-term asymptotic formula, counting the lattice points inside an expanding, right triangle. In this paper a generalisation of their theorem is presented. Also an analytic method is developed which enables one to interpret the coefficients in the formula. These methods are combined to give a generalisation of a “heightcounting” formula of Györy and Pethö which itself was a generalisation of a theorem of Lang.

A rational number is called a best approximant of the irrational number ζ if it lies closer to ζ than all rational numbers with a smaller denominator. Metrical properties of these best approximants are studied. The main tool is the two-dimensional ergodic system, underlying the continued fraction expansion.

§1. Introduction. In this paper we give a new proof of a theorem of Bombieri and Davenport [2, Theorem 1]. Let t(–k) = t(k) be real,

where e(u) = e2πiu. Let p and p' denote primes, k an integer, and define

§1. Introduction. In 1985, Sárkõzy [11] proved a conjecture of Erdõs [2] by showing that the greatest square factor s(n)2 of the “middle” binomial coefficient satisfies for arbitrary ε > 0 and sufficiently large n

Where

Dörner [8] has recently proved a result for systems of additive equations over algebraic number fields, which we restate in a more specific setting.

Abstract. We show that the set of T-numbers in Mahler's classification of transcendental numbers supports a measure whose Fourier transform vanishes at infinity. A similar argument shows that U-numbers also support such a measure.

We give a transcendence measure of special values of functions satisfying certain functional equations. This improves an earlier result of Galochkin, and gives a better upper bound of the type for such a number as an S-number in the classification of transcendental numbers by Mahler.

In this paper we study the transcendence degree of fields generated over Q by the numbers associated with values of one-parameter subgroups of commutative algebraic groups. We show that in many instances these fields have a large transcendence degree when measured in terms of the available data.

Our method deals with points which are “well distributed” (in a sense which is made precise) among certain algebraic subgroups of the algebraic group under consideration. We verify that these results apply in many classical situations.

The problem of finding rational points on varieties defined by two additive cubic equations has attracted some interest. Davenport and Lewis [12], Cook [8] and Vaughan [16] showed that the pair of equations

with integer coefficients a,, bt always has a nontrivial solution when s = 18, s = 17, and 5 = 16 respectively. Vaughan's result in s = 16 variables is best possible since there are examples of pairs of equations (1) with s = 15 which fail to vanish simultaneously in the 7-adic field. However if the existence of a 7-adic solution is assured then Baker and Briidern [2], building on work of Cook [9], showed that s = 16 could be replaced by s = 15, and recently Briidern [5] has obtained the result with s = 14.

Let Q(x) = Q(x1,…, xn) є ęZ x1, …, xn] be a quadratic form. The primary purpose of this paper is to bound the smallest non-zero solution of the congruence Q(x) = 0 (mod q). The problem may be formulated as follows. We ask for the least bound Bn(q) such that, for any Ki > 0 satisfying

and any Q, the congruence has a non-zero solution satisfying

A version of Gauss's fifth proof of the quadratic reciprocity law is given which uses only the simplest group-theoretic considerations (dispensing even with Gauss's Lemma) and makes manifest that the reciprocity law is a simple consequence of the Chinese Remainder Theorem.

There are two types of quartic normal extensions of the rational field, depending on the Galois group of the generating equation. All such extensions are described here in a uniquely parametrized form.