Flight Data Monitoring (FDM) programmes have become a key part of every major airline’s safety management system. They are primarily based on learning from unwanted deviations in flight parameters encountered during normal flight operations. Owing to its unique nature, anomaly detection of FDM presents distinct problem complexities from the majority of analytical and learning tasks. This methodology, while useful, concentrates only on a small part of the operation, leaving most of the data unprocessed, and does not allow for analysing events that had the potential to go wrong but were recovered in time by the crews. This research focused on analysing an FDM dataset of 1332 approaches between January 2018 and July 2022 at Tenerife South Airport (Spain), where there is a known phenomenon of increasing headwinds during the final approach. The flights were clustered using self-organising maps (SOM) by patterns of increasing headwinds, and the clusters were assessed in terms of clustering performance. The clusters were well differentiated. A further comparison between the results from the airline showed that 88 flights were affected by wind shifts, while 27 flights were picked up by the airline. The results demonstrate that SOMs are a meaningful tool for clustering flight data and can complement the current FDM analysis methodology. Combining both methodologies could shift FDM data analysis to look beyond exceedances into what went well, thus shifting the FDM paradigm towards a more safety-II-based method.

This work tackles a significant challenge in dynamo theory: the possibility of long-term amplification and maintenance of an axisymmetric magnetic field. We introduce a novel model that allows for non-trivial axially symmetric steady-state solutions for the magnetic field, particularly when the dynamo operates primarily within a ‘nearly spherical’ toroidal volume inside a fluid shell surrounding a solid core. In this model, Ohm’s law is generalised to include the dissipative force, arising from electron collisions, that tends to align the velocity of the shell with the rotational speed of the inner core and outer mantle. Our findings reveal that, in this context, Cowling’s theorem and the neutral point argument are modified, leading to magnetic energy growth for a suitable choice of toroidal flow. The global equilibrium magnetic field that emerges from our model exhibits a dipolar character. The central insight of the model developed here is that if an additional force is incorporated into Ohm’s law, symmetric dynamos become possible.

The Lower Jurassic (Toarcian) Posidonienschiefer Formation of southwestern Germany is a classic konservat lagerstätte, yielding some of the world’s best-preserved fossils of marine vertebrates, including ichthyosaurs, thalattosuchian crocodylomorphs, plesiosaurs and fishes. Despite numerous studies concentrating on the taphonomy of ichthyosaurs in this formation, less taphonomic work has focussed on the thalattosuchians of the assemblage. Multiple thalattosuchian species displaying a wide range of body sizes have been recovered. We investigated indicators for seafloor arrival position in thirteen Macrospondylus bollensis and one Platysuchus multiscrobiculatus specimens representing various body sizes using three-dimensional (3D) photogrammetric models. False-colour depth maps were used to interpret the relative topography (depth level) of bone penetration into the sediment and were aligned on the XY plane, making them parallel to the stratigraphic plane. Our results show both headfirst and non-headfirst seafloor arrivals in observed specimens, with headfirst seafloor arrivals exhibiting deeply buried skulls, displacement of select cervical vertebrae and/or characteristic fractures in the cranium and mandible. We (1) interpret seafloor landing types in teleosauroids; (2) recognize and list specific characteristics that are consistently attributed to either a headfirst or non-headfirst seafloor arrival; (3) discuss possible factors that may have contributed to these features, such as body shape and size, substrate and velocity; and (4) provide a new definition for headfirst seafloor arrival that can be readily attributed to other marine vertebrates from various formations. Lastly, our results show that observers must carefully consider how historical specimens might have been prepared, as this may influence taphonomic interpretations.

Past research indicates that support for conservatism increases when individuals perceive threat to their group’s social status – i.e., prestige and respect. However, the causal link between status threat and increased electoral support for conservative candidates has not been established. Most prior studies rely on observational data, and it remains unclear how the effect of status threat on candidate support varies depending on the specific conservative policies adopted by candidates. Additionally, previous research has not fully addressed whether and how these effects are constrained by voters’ party loyalty. This article investigates these questions by conducting a joint experiment combining vignette and conjoint designs. White Americans were randomly exposed to status threat communication, and then choose between different hypothetical candidates with varying degrees of conservatism on various issues. The results show large effects of candidates’ issue positions and partisanship, but very little effect of status threat.

This article examines cross-border inheritance transfers between the United States, Germany, and Russia between the 1840s and the late 1980s. These transfers were not only characterized by private considerations and kinship networks but were also strongly intertwined with national and international political developments. This article argues that the history of transnational inheritance transfers since the 19th century can be subdivided into three distinct periods. The first period, from the mid-19th century to 1914, witnessed the gradual development and expansion of professional networks and legal agreements designed to facilitate cross-border estate transfers. By contrast, the second period, from World War I and the October Revolution of 1917 through the late 1960s, was a time of unprecedented global disruption. Unlike the half-century before World War I, governments and probate courts complicated, delayed, and prevented inheritance transfers across state borders due to military and ideological conflicts. During the third period, beginning in the 1960s, governments, international organizations, lawyers, and families resumed efforts to create structures that would legally protect and enable cross-border estate transfers in an increasingly globalized world.

By examining a protracted instance of workers’ militant action in the city of Kanpur in the 1930s, the article will examine the significance of the neighbourhood in workers’ lives and its interplay with urban politics that often led to public order crises for the government. It will argue that such crises revealed shortcomings in colonial urban governance and will show that urban proximity accentuated precarity and brought a diverse set of workers together to agitate for their rights and stake claims to political power in the city.

Recent evidence from cross-situational learning (CSL) studies have shown that adult learners can acquire words and grammar simultaneously when sentences of the novel language co-occur with dynamic scenes to which they refer. Syntactic bootstrapping accounts suggest that grammatical knowledge may help scaffold vocabulary acquisition by constraining possible meanings, thus, for children, words and grammar may be acquired at different rates. Twenty children (ages 8 to 9) were exposed in a CSSL study to an artificial language comprising nouns, verbs, and case markers occurring within a verb-final grammatical structure. Children acquired syntax (i.e., word order) effectively, but we found no evidence of vocabulary learning, whereas previous adult studies showed learning of both from similar input. Grammatical information may thus be available early for children, to help constrain and support later vocabulary learning. We propose that gradual maturation of declarative memory systems may result in more effective vocabulary learning in adults.

Trevor Griffith and Adrian Kind argue that we should reject a standard interpretation of pain asymbolia, according to which asymbolics experience pain even though their pain lacks the affective-motivational element that typical pains possess. We make the case that Griffith and Kind’s reasons for rejecting the standard interpretation are relatively weak. We end by arguing that debates between the standard interpretation and alternative interpretations cannot be resolved without addressing the issue of how we should taxonomize pain asymbolia as a neurological condition.

We provide a complete characterization of theories of tracial von Neumann algebras that admit quantifier elimination. We also show that the theory of a separable tracial von Neumann algebra $\mathcal {M}$ is never model complete if its direct integral decomposition contains $\mathrm {II}_1$ factors $\mathcal {N}$ such that $M_2(\mathcal {N})$ embeds into an ultrapower of $\mathcal {N}$. The proof in the case of $\mathrm {II}_1$ factors uses an explicit construction based on random matrices and quantum expanders.

In this study, professional engineers and designers (n = 30) participated in a 1-hour-long design activity in which they brainstormed a list of ideas for two design problems (a smart grill and a smart laundry machine), created a sketched concept for each design problem, filled out a survey about their perceptions of the market for the concept they developed, participated in a bias mitigation intervention and then repeated the pre-intervention steps. The design problems were intended to trigger availability bias based on the participants’ occupations (engineers and designers at a kitchen appliance company) as well as conflict between the gender of the participants and the gender-stereotyping of the household tasks fulfilled by the smart machines. Based on correlations in the market survey, the participants, who were mostly men, displayed availability bias toward the smart laundry machine design problem. A key marker of availability bias – an association between participants’ personal enjoyment of the product and the belief that the product would be commercially successful – was eliminated after the bias mitigation intervention. Qualitative analysis of participants’ reflections indicated that the intervention primarily assisted designers in making additional considerations for users, such as increasing accessibility and building awareness of excluded user groups.

Baltic Sea ice coverage was modelled using a sea-ice thermodynamics and dynamics model coupled with a three-dimensional (3-D) PM3D hydrodynamic model. The validation for 1958–2007 showed the modelled maximum ice extents (MIEs) agree well with observations (r = 0.97) and the ice thickness less so, but satisfactory for most stations (r > 0.8). This enabled the production of cumulative ice thickness (CIT) maps and the determination of the spatial variation in sea-ice extent in the Baltic over the analysed period for four air temperature scenarios with a constant value reduction. This showed the spatial sensitivity of ice cover dynamics to temperature changes and allowed to distinct regions with different impact of change in temperature on CIT. The simulation for temperature of 2°C lower than 1958–2007 was consistent with the reconstruction of MIEs in the entire Baltic Sea for the end of the Little Ice Age (LIA) (1721–1860). For the western Baltic, the compliance was highest for temperature reduced by 3°C and 4°C. This indicates that climatic conditions may have differed between individual regions of the Baltic during the LIA, and the air temperature anomaly in the western Baltic may have been greater than indicated by previous studies

Indigenous peoples belong to the most underprivileged groups worldwide. To address this situation, countries in Latin America and beyond increasingly recognize Indigenous rights constitutionally. However, these constitutional rights are not implemented equally everywhere. This could relate to the corresponding ordinary law—or lack thereof. Here I ask, under which conditions are Indigenous peoples represented in ordinary legislation? To answer this question, I collected the original INDILEX dataset on the status of Indigenous peoples and their rights in the legislation of sixteen Latin American countries (1979–2018). Building on the political representation literature, I contrast descriptive representation with political allies, social movements, and favorable context factors as determinants of the substantive representation of Indigenous peoples. The analysis shows that leftist presidents and a broad constitutional mandate are key predictors of Indigenous rights legislation. The role of Indigenous civil society and democracy depends on the time frame and operationalization choice.

This study examines whether women politicians address violence against women (VAW) more effectively than their male counterparts at the local level in Mexico. Using a regression discontinuity design that leverages close mayoral elections, we find that women mayors reduce some of the most egregious violent crimes committed against women, with estimates suggesting a 64.7% reduction in homicides of women over their 3-year terms. As evidence of potential mechanisms, we find that women mayors actively work to combat VAW, appoint more women to leadership and support roles, and expand specialized services for crime victims. These findings suggest that women’s representation in local politics may be an important factor in advancing women’s safety.

The central role of creativity in product engineering is evident in the generation of solutions with high innovative potential. Even in times of artificial intelligence being creative is still a skill in which the human outperforms the machine. Product engineering activities often take place in distributed environments, which elevates the importance of creative tasks due to the unique challenges these settings present. Furthermore, these distributed environments frequently involve intercultural teams. With intercultural team settings come additional benefits but also challenges. To support the creative processes of intercultural, distributed product engineering teams, the cultural synergy spectrum (CSS) method has been developed. The CSS method is designed to assist distributed product engineering teams with being creative while being culturally sensitive. To achieve this goal, mutual understanding is enhanced, and learning within the team is promoted. Using five phases to lead the participants through a creative process, the CSS starts with a warm-up, followed by building a knowledge baseline. The third phase is targeted at cultural learning, after which the creativity phase starts. Here, the actual problem-solving takes place. The final phase is for reflection and feedback. This study seeks to validate the CSS method’s effectiveness through application in a partially distributed team. Two teams, consisting of mechanical engineers in a research group at Shanghai Jiao Tong University, collaborated to address a practical problem using this method. The team is primarily Chinese as a follow-up to previous validation iterations that were done with teams with more diverse backgrounds, but who lived in Germany. To ensure that this bias due to the intercultural experience of living in another country is overcome, this study is performed with researchers in China with little intercultural experience. The CSS was applied successfully, proving that the CSS is suitable for the partially distributed or hybrid setting in which it was applied and for the team that applied it. The participants made use of the option to include additional tools and improvements to the method, like a more comprehensive warm-up.