Within the space of monotheistic options, trinitarian monotheism holds a puzzling place. It asserts that God is a single being who is, somehow, also three distinct persons. This form of monotheism has regularly been charged with being either inconsistent, unintelligible, or undermotivated – and possibly all three. While recent explorations of trinitarian monotheism have tended to rely on work in metaphysics, this paper turns to the philosophy of mind, showing that functionalist theories of mind prove to be surprisingly hospitable to trinitarian monotheism. This paper will address only the inconsistency and unintelligibility objections, showing that if role-functionalism (or something near enough) is both consistent and conceivable, then it is both consistent and conceivable that: God is a single being who is exactly three distinct persons because there is one primary divine person who interacts with exactly one system-sharing re-realisation of his own person-type.

Calving from tidewater glaciers and ice shelves is an important component of global mass balance and may contribute significantly to future sea-level rise. Current prognostic ice-sheet models cannot predict future calving losses because they lack a robust calving law. We argue that the key to finding a general calving law is to recognise that calving glaciers are stochastic dynamic systems that exhibit self-organisation. Collectively, calving events have statistical properties that reflect underlying fragmentation processes. These reflect distinct styles of calving and give rise to persistent patterns of advance and retreat, including fluctuations around pinning points and periods of instability and transition. These patterns motivate a stochastic calving function scaled to the stress within the ice, which we demonstrate in a set of model experiments with Elmer/Ice, for synthetic geometries representative of a Greenland outlet glacier and an Antarctic ice shelf. Self-organising behaviour emerges spontaneously from the model, including expected calving-size distributions and system convergence on quasi-stable states. The model simulates calving behaviour over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales and produces short calving cycles for a Greenland-type geometry and long cycles for an Antarctic shelf-type geometry. The long-standing calving law problem may yield to this kind of approach.

We prove two results, generalizing certain theorems by Jin and Moosa (2020, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., 373, 4863–4887), on the internality of the system of differential equations

$$ \begin{align*} \begin{cases} \begin{aligned} x' &= f(x)\\ y' &= g(x)y,\\ \end{aligned} \end{cases} \end{align*} $$

This paper is concerned with the Cauchy problem of compressible Navier–Stokes equations. Both the anomalous energy dissipation and the vanishing global dissipation are surveyed. First, we construct a family of smooth solutions which exhibit anomalous dissipation when the viscous coefficient $\epsilon$ tends to zero. Second, assume that the weak solutions have additional (uniformly in $\epsilon$) regularity, then the convergence rate of vanishing global dissipation is proportional to a power function of $\epsilon$. The results indicate that the inviscid singularity is caused by the lack of smoothness of solutions, not the viscosity.

Many of Yi In-sŏng’s works, including On an Autumn Day and Room in Summer, depict tropical plants and exotic vegetation. Although the specific types of foliage he portrayed remain unclear, Yi’s use of foreign foliage clearly conveys the allure of exotic scenery. Beginning in the 1930s, coinciding with Japan’s expansion into the South Sea region, images of palm trees and exotic plants found their way into colonial Korean homes. This article investigates the emergence of the practice of portraying ‘others’ in colonial Korea, with a particular focus on the artworks of Yi In-sŏng. Yi was a renowned Western-style painter during the colonial period in Korea, celebrated for his depictions of exotic landscapes and vibrant foreign flora. While Yi’s work is often characterized as an expression of Korean ‘local colour’, this article, instead, explores Yi as an urban bourgeois and delves into his appreciation for exotic elements in his work. By contextualizing the depiction of diverse rural flora and exotic interior decorations in Yi’s urban intellectual cosmopolitanism, this article discusses how the practice of imagining ‘others’ emerged in colonial Korea during the 1930s.

Critical thinking is supported by a rich and diverse literature, with particularly close ties to argumentation theory and informal logic. It has often been presented in terms of a set of skills and dispositions, with the latter exemplified through the figure of an ideal critical thinker. These accounts of the relevant dispositions are intuitive and tend to emphasize openness, clarity, and a concern for truth. Seemingly running against this impression, it is argued here that an ideal critical thinker can willfully engage in fallacious argumentation. This surprising possibility is grounded in the distinction between thinking and arguing, with the literature on critical thinking being implicitly and rightly limited to the former. The argument draws on an established account of critical thinking dispositions, a simple supporting view of the nature of dispositions, and analogies to familiar phenomena like lying. The result complements existing work on the subject in terms of what a critical thinker should do, contributing to our understanding of the conceptual boundaries of critical thinking and argumentation proper.

By a result of Scott [16], each countable structure for a countable language L is described up to isomorphism by an $L_{\omega _1\omega }$-sentence, called a Scott sentence. We consider structures that are countably infinite. By a result of A. Miller [11], no such structure has a $\Sigma _2$ Scott sentence, so having a $\Pi _2$ Scott sentence is as simple as possible. A result of Montalbán [12] yields a nice characterization of the structures that (for a fixed countable language) have a $\Pi _2$ Scott sentence. Computable infinitary formulas involve c.e. disjunctions and conjunctions, so they are in a sense comprehensible. Therefore, we set out to characterize the structures that (for a fixed computable language) have a computable $\Pi _2$ Scott sentence. We found some examples and some partial results. However, it turns out that (for most languages) there is no nice characterization of the class. The index set is $\Pi ^1_1$-complete.

Academia, though not immediately associated with preserving humanity in war, has been instrumental in advancing international humanitarian law (IHL). Since the 1864 Geneva Convention, scholars have supported the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) by promoting IHL, researching it, and helping the law develop. In a world facing 130 armed conflicts, rising polarization and dehumanization, and a paradoxical mix of interest in and disillusionment with IHL, academia’s role is more vital than ever. Despite its contributions, however, limited scholarship exists on how academia has supported the ICRC in preserving humanity in war by contributing to IHL. How has academia promoted this body of law? How has research strengthened IHL as the cornerstone legal framework that it is today? What role have academics played in its normative development? This article explores these questions, examining academia’s endeavours to promote IHL through education, advocacy and public engagement; its research efforts to consolidate IHL, clarifying it and supporting its implementation; and its contributions to IHL’s development, from involvement in treaty-making to proposing new norms. The piece also calls for reforms in IHL education to enhance its impact, advocates for multidisciplinary and ethical research focused on compliance and other pressing issues, and urges greater inclusion of academia in structures and processes aimed at developing the law. Finally, the article concludes by issuing a call to action for States, universities and academics, and outlining pathways to collectively strengthen IHL and uphold humanity in war.

Supersonic wind tunnels are an essential tool for high-speed aerodynamics research, supporting studies ranging from fundamental flow analysis to advancements in supersonic transport. Accurately predicting tunnel performance, however, requires precise mathematical modeling. Previous models have primarily focused on plenum pressure predictions, often assuming an adiabatic process and overlooking temperature dynamics. Temperature changes during a test affect velocity and Reynolds number, influencing experimental measurements and underscoring the need to improve temperature prediction capabilities. In this paper, we develop a new model introducing two key corrections: heat addition from the thermal mass of the wind tunnel and real gas effects, particularly the Joule–Thomson effect, allowing us to capture the critical influence of temperature. Additionally, we account for pressure losses within the piping system. Comparative analysis with experimental data shows that our model reduces temperature prediction errors to within 2%, a marked improvement over the base model’s 9–13% error range. Furthermore, pressure predictions are refined, yielding more accurate assessments of plenum, reservoir and valve inlet pressures. These findings underscore the model’s utility in enhancing control system development and its broader value in advancing experimental design and operational precision in supersonic wind tunnel research.

Many parasitic nematodes exhibit a range of behavioural responses to host-associated stimuli, especially chemicals. The infective juveniles (IJs) of specialized insect-infecting nematodes, i.e., entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), can show directed movement (taxis) or other behaviours in response to odorants. However, relatively little is known in terms of IJ responses in the context of increases in non-directed movement (kinesis) resulting from physical contact with host chemicals, or the effects of insect semiochemicals on EPN behaviours. We individually exposed IJs of the EPN Steinernema carpocapsae to solutions representing five different treatments, including those containing the macerated tissues of a suitable insect host (greater wax moth larvae – waxworms) or a semiochemical (1-pentadecene) secreted by various insects. We conducted behavioural observations at six time points over an 8-h period, measuring the total number of movements by each IJ (orthokinesis), along with the occurrence of side-to-side movements (klinokinesis) or head-waving. We found that IJs in the waxworm or 1-pentadecene solutions showed high levels of overall movement, but waxworm-exposed IJs also exhibited the most sinusoidal movement, whereas IJs exposed to 1-pentadecene exhibited far more head-waving than nematodes in the other treatments. These results indicate that S. carpocapsae shows behavioural responses through kinesis when exposed to host chemical cues in an aqueous medium. As our study is only the second report of EPNs responding to an insect semiochemical, this is a promising area for future studies to better understand host-finding strategies by these nematodes, with possible applications for their use in insect biocontrol.

The potassium (K) balance is a key indicator of the suitability and sustainability of grassland nutrient management practices. K inputs can impact soil fertility, biomass yield and herbage quality. This study evaluated data from a long-term grassland experiment established in 1970 in Northern Ireland with eight treatments: control, mineral fertilizer (NPK), cow and pig slurry at three application rates (50, 100 and 200 m3/ha). The objectives were to investigate the nutrient treatment effects on: (i) soil extractable K (SEK) (using a ammonium acetate solution), (ii) herbage K concentration and K offtake and (iii) the long-term K balance. Cow slurry provided significantly greater K inputs than pig slurry. Thus, the concentrations of SEK increased for the cow slurry treatments, but decreased significantly for the pig slurry, NPK and control treatments. The decrease in SEK was greater with soil depth. Increasing slurry rate had a positive effect on the concentrations of SEK and herbage K. The low rate of pig slurry had a herbage K concentration less than the required critical level. High rates of cow slurry led to luxury consumption of K which increases the risk of herbage cationic imbalance that could trigger tetany for livestock. Assessment of the long-term partial K balance revealed a K deficit for the NPK and pig slurry treatments, however high rate of cow slurry had a large K surplus. Refinement of nutrient management should carefully balance K inputs and losses to avoid K deficiency and excessive K inputs to grasslands.