This study examines when and how second language (L2) learners begin to exhibit sensitivity to key factors influencing the choice between the English double object and prepositional object constructions. While previous research has shown that such choices in native speakers are influenced by such factors as animacy, pronominality and verb bias, little is known about the developmental timing of these effects in L2 production. Using 5,785 dative constructions from a large-scale learner corpus, we analyzed how these variables interact with learners’ proficiency levels across 23 verbs. We found that learners showed systematic sensitivity to all of these factors, including statistical verb bias derived from a native speaker corpus (Corpus of Contemporary American English), at much earlier stages than previously suggested. These results suggest that learners may possess a cognitive bias that maps preexisting conceptual structures onto linguistic constructions, reflecting more than mere statistical learning.

It has already been three years since millions of Ukrainians found refuge in other countries. In our longitudinal research, we examine in what way the main news websites in Poland and Czechia portray Ukrainian refugees and through that how they contribute to their social construction as a group deserving or undeserving of societal and public policy support. Data were collected from platform X, focusing on the accounts of the five most popular news websites in each country. In 2022, we expanded CARIN to CARIN+A, highlighting assistance as a booster (Zogata-Kusz, Öbrink Hobzová, and Cekiera, 2023). Now, examining the period between February 24, 2023, and July 31, 2024, we formulate a hypothesis of dimension content modification, i.e. the meaning of deservingness dimensions change over time for the same target group. Both countries exhibited similar themes and narratives. This was most visible in the attitude and reciprocity, although identity was also important. While at the beginning of the invasion the question of deservingness tied to who they are, later how they behave became crucial. Additionally, we observed normalisation of the situation, without compassion fatigue. Longitudinal media analysis is rare but crucial for countering xenophobia and nationalism.

This study examines overlooked or underexplored fragments from Rufus of Ephesus’ On Melancholy, as cited in Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. Zakariyyāʾ al-Rāzī’s seminal medical work, The Comprehensive Book (Kitāb al-Ḥāwī fī al-Ṭibb). Through an analysis of Arabic texts and Latin translations, we present two previously unexamined fragments and one of doubtful authenticity which reference Rufus’ understanding of melancholy. Preserved across diverse linguistic and cultural contexts, these fragments illuminate the transmission of ancient Graeco-Roman medical knowledge into the Islamic Golden Age and Renaissance Europe. Arabic texts are compared with corresponding Latin editions to verify their authenticity and trace their historical transmission.

The Askey–Wilson algebras illustrate the bispectral property of orthogonal polynomials in the Askey scheme. The universal Askey–Wilson algebra $\triangle _q$ is a central extension of the Askey–Wilson algebras associated with the most general orthogonal polynomials in the Askey scheme. The Verma $\triangle _q$-modules are a family of infinite-dimensional $\triangle _q$-modules with marginal weights. Under the condition that q is not a root of unity, it was shown that every finite-dimensional irreducible $\triangle _q$-module has a marginal weight and is isomorphic to a quotient of a Verma $\triangle _q$-module. Assume that q is a root of unity. We prove that every finite-dimensional irreducible $\triangle _q$-module with a marginal weight is isomorphic to a quotient of a Verma $\triangle _q$-module. More precisely, two natural families of finite-dimensional quotients of Verma $\triangle _q$-modules contain all finite-dimensional irreducible $\triangle _q$-modules with marginal weights up to isomorphism. Furthermore, we classify the finite-dimensional irreducible $\triangle _q$-modules with marginal weights up to isomorphism.

Opiate smuggling has found increasing scholarly attention. Legal distribution however remains largely a blind spot. Against this background, I follow in this article some of the traces it has left in Switzerland. I ask not only how it was regulated, but also where the drugs came from and how and by whom they were sold. In the first section, I examine the trade in the opium-based panacea theriac in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. At that time, pharmacists were increasingly successful in claiming the exclusive right to sell remedies. When powerful industrial opiates gradually replaced the early modern artisanal goods in the nineteenth century, it was they who benefited most. As I argue in the second section, this line of business came under pressure when the use of opiates increasingly faced criticism in the last third of the century. However, as I show in the third section, legal provisions were only reluctantly enforced and followed. A fundamental shift only occurred in the 1960s when, in the context of the cold war, the Americanisation of international crime control and the “war on drugs” led to a repressive turn in law enforcement.

The prenatal period, childhood, and adolescence are critical periods of development characterized by high plasticity. As an extension of the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) paradigm, known as Origins of Paternal Health and Disease (POHaD), recent studies in rodents provide evidence that paternal obesity is associated not only with infertility but also with an increased risk of metabolic disorders in the offspring. In rodents, litter size reduction is used to induce lactational overfeeding by increasing the amount of breast milk to pups, which causes metabolic and reproductive disorders in adulthood. This work evaluated the metabolic and reproductive alterations in the offspring of males raised in normal or small litter (SL) in the prepubertal period and in adult life. The results show that paternal obesity due to early overfeeding affects the offspring in a sex-specific manner. During the prepubertal period, male offspring of SL fathers showed decreased Lee index, tibia length, and HDL plasma levels, and increased weight of gastrocnemius muscle, while female offspring of SL fathers only showed reduced HDL plasma levels. In adulthood, male offspring of overfed males showed glucose intolerance and reduced food intake and triglycerides plasma levels, signs of metabolic dysfunction. Female offspring of overfed males showed delayed puberty onset and higher prevalence of infertile periods in the estrous cycles, indicating a potential susceptibility to reproductive dysfunction. The results of the current study show that paternal obesity due to early overfeeding affects energy balance and reproduction of their offspring in a sex-specific manner.

This article examines field experiences across archaeological sectors and demographics through the results of a survey aimed at understanding how the culture of toughness is manifest in archaeological fieldwork through the prevalence of discrimination and pressure to accept inappropriate behaviors and to push oneself physically, mentally, and emotionally. We selected these particular behaviors as they demonstrate ways in which archaeologists perceive expectations and how individuals prove they can endure, that they are tough enough. Our survey data demonstrate that women, noncisgendered, and entry-level archaeologists are the most vulnerable to negative experiences, that the pressure to push beyond one’s limits is universal, and that discrimination and harassment are factors increasingly considered by women as they decide whether to continue in the profession. We argue that many of these rules and social conditions are created and maintained inconspicuously through performative informality which is linked to the discipline’s culture of toughness. Through analysis of our quantitative survey results, we discuss how archaeology’s work culture shapes experiences in the industry and examine avenues for reform to promote equity in archaeology.

Taiwanese politics is often characterized as being dominated by two camps: the “blue” camp, which supports the Chinese Nationalist Party (KMT), and the “green” camp, which supports the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP). However, a substantial portion of the electorate identifies as independent, representing one of the largest but least studied groups in Taiwan’s political landscape. This study examines how independent voters differed from partisan voters in their responses to one of the most defining political moments in recent years, the legislative reform, and the subsequent Bluebird movement, one of the largest social protests in Taiwan since 2014. Drawing on two waves of original survey data, we find that independents were more likely to adopt the KMT’s framing of the protests and related legislative reforms. However, independent voters had greater support than blue camp supporters for democratic practices, despite their alignment over the Bluebird movement. These findings advance understanding of Taiwan’s electoral blocs, the dynamics of movement–party relations and the contours of democratic support among its citizens.

Maintenance procedures are critically important for preserving the structural integrity, maintaining the functionality and ensuring the operational safety of aircraft. Traditional inspection techniques used in aircraft are often costly, time-consuming and prone to human mistake. Today, the opportunities provided by digitalisation and automation in aircraft maintenance and inspection processes are paving the way for innovative approaches. In this context, the use of inspection systems supported by image processing technologies has the potential to bring about a significant transformation in aircraft maintenance. Visual inspection methods integrated with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) enable the rapid, accurate and repeatable detection of defects such as corrosion and cracks on the external surfaces of aircraft. This study focuses on the automatic detection and classification of defects on the external surfaces of aircraft, based on tests and analyses carried out by artificial intelligence algorithms using high-resolution data. The model developed in this study was implemented in Python in the Google Colab environment and supported by AI algorithms trained on visual data. The main objective is to investigate the feasibility of UAV-based systems for aircraft visual inspection and to provide concrete evidence of their practical applicability. In this regard, the UAV platform selected for image acquisition is intended to comprehensively scan the target areas and capture images with sufficient resolution for processing by artificial intelligence algorithms. A review of the literature reveals that UAV- and AI-based integrated approaches have been explored in only a limited number of studies related to aircraft maintenance. In this context, the present study proposes a system that enables the rapid and accurate detection of structural defects such as corrosion and cracks on the external surfaces of aircraft.

Studies in volunteering often focus on why people start volunteering and how to retain volunteers. Conversely, less attention is given to why volunteers quit. Hustinx (Nonprofit Volunt Sect Q 39(2):236–255, 2010) provided a substantial contribution on this topic by examining quitting volunteering at the Flemish Red Cross. The present article revisits and extends the contribution of Hustinx (2010), by exploring reasons to quit volunteering at the Netherlands’ largest refugee aid organization. Based on thematic analysis of open answers from 605 former volunteers for refugees, we find that organization-related reasons and personal circumstances are important drivers for quitting volunteering, thereby confirming Hustinx’ outcomes. Moreover, we identified another ‘umbrella’ under which many exit reasons can be subsumed: reasons to quit volunteering that are rooted in egocentric considerations. Next to this third perspective, this study raises attention for burnout and boreout in volunteering and challenges in mentor–mentee relationships, being volunteer–refugee relationships where volunteers quit out of frustration, disappointment or unfulfilled expectations. Implications of the findings and directions for further research are discussed.

The present three-wave longitudinal study tested two transdiagnostic mediators – anger and racism-related vigilance – of the link between racism and internalizing and externalizing problems. At Wave 1, the sample included 344 Mexican-origin adolescents (Mage = 13.5 years; 51.7% male, 45.9% female; 2.3% non-binary) residing in the Midwestern United States. Data across the three waves were collected from April 2021 through October 2024. The study examined how both direct and vicarious racism were related to internalizing and externalizing problems over time. Results from latent growth curve mediation analyses indicated that outward anger expression was a significant mediator; both direct and vicarious racism at Wave 1 were significantly associated with higher levels of anger at Wave 2, which in turn, were associated with higher levels of internalizing and externalizing problems at Wave 3. Racism-related vigilance was a significant mediator of the association between vicarious racism and internalizing problems only, according to results from post hoc sensitivity analyses. Implications for future theory, research, and clinical practice are discussed to help mitigate the effects of racism in new migration contexts for this vulnerable population.

Scholars have proposed integrating deliberative democracy processes and new technologies within party structures to address the legitimacy crisis of political parties. However, for established political groups, this is not an easy road to take. The paper delves into these issues by presenting the case study of Agorà Democratiche within the Italian Democratic Party (PD), the major center-left party in Italy. Agorà aimed to engage party members and like-minded citizens in shaping the party’s agenda through deliberative assemblies. This adoption by Agorà introduced a new form of political participation that led thousands of citizens to voice their opinions. However, it encountered several challenges. The paper argues that democratic innovations do not always yield the desired outcomes for political parties. Participatory and deliberative processes might be hard to implement in established political groups that are accustomed to old political schemas. More specifically, I pinpoint four main obstacles encountered by Agorà Democratiche: the ‘culture of verticality’ within the party, an unfavorable external context, the lack of institutionalization of the programme, and the ambiguous role played by technology. If not handled carefully, new technologies and deliberative processes can worsen the existing crisis within political parties by falling short of expectations and further undermining the organization’s credibility.

This paper contributes to the literature on nonprofit social ventures and discourse studies by identifying discursive resources leveraged to craft the intended image of a nonprofit organization. The intended organizational image plays a central role in the way stakeholders, notably sponsors, perceive a nonprofit organization. Nonetheless, we have little research aimed at identifying the resources and tools that organizations mobilize to structure their intended image, especially at the discourse level. Drawing on the analysis of the discourses adopted by a Brazilian not-for-profit organization, we propose a typology of five discursive resources: distinctiveness, identification, justification, storytelling, and validation. These resources operate as discursive-rhetoric tools that allow the organization to assert its uniqueness and shared values, legitimize its mission, narrate impact, and demonstrate credibility. Our findings contribute to a discourse-based understanding of nonprofit image construction by offering a framework that complements existing work in branding and legitimacy. The study also provides practical insights for nonprofit managers seeking to communicate authentically and efficiently with key stakeholders.

In ion adsorption rare earth element (REE) deposits, REE are adsorbed onto clay minerals. Previous experimental studies indicate that adsorption depends on the chemical and physical properties of the clay and on the pH and salinity of the solution. This work presents adsorption experiments using two natural, purified kaolins with contrasting particle sizes exposed to different ligands at low and high ionic strengths (I) and at different pH levels to assess their influence on the adsorption of REE onto kaolinite. The results reveal that: (1) REE adsorption is rapid; (2) water/dilute nitric acid experiments gave optimum adsorption; (3) high-I NaCl, Na2SO4 and NaHCO3 demonstrated the least adsorption; (4) REE and yttrium are more adsorbed onto kaolinite in water/dilute nitric acid at lower pH, but adsorption is higher at higher pH when NaCl is present; (5) high I allowed less adsorption; and (6) scandium and thorium are more effectively adsorbed than REE and yttrium. The data suggest inhibition of adsorption by complex ion formation in solution at high I, and in the presence of strongly binding ligands (Cl–, SO42–, CO32–). Adsorption induces no REE fraction for low-I solutions in nitric acid, whereas enhanced chloride complex formation for light REE results in the preferential adsorption of heavy REE. sulphate inhibits adsorption, and carbonate at low I inhibits light REE adsorption relative to heavy REE, whereas at high I kaolinite may dissolve. Low-crystallinity, weathering-derived kaolinite demonstrates an order of magnitude more adsorption than processed, hydrothermal kaolin as a result of its increased surface area and adsorption sites.