The rise of digital money may bring about privately issued money that circulates across borders and coexists with public money. This paper uses an open-economy search model with multiple currencies to study the impact of such global money on monetary autonomy – the capacity of central banks to set a policy instrument. I show that the circulation of global money can entail a loss of monetary autonomy, but it can be preserved if government policy that limits the amount or use of global money for transactions is introduced or if the global currency is subject to the threat of counterfeiting. The result suggests that global digital money and monetary autonomy can be compatible.

This article addresses the questions of when mental health advance planning documents are created, the points when circumstances which they are intended to address arise and what consequences should flow when such a situation does arise. It addresses these points primarily from the perspective of what the law could/should be at a conceptual level. It looks at three stages: (a) creation of the document; (b) the period between the creation of the document and the point at which the intended circumstances arise; and (c) the point at which the intended circumstances arise. It does not purport to provide solutions at each stage, but rather to frame the dilemmas to aid discussion. In similar vein, it draws upon case studies from England & Wales, not to purport to dictate similarities of approach, but to flesh out dilemmas that have arisen to stimulate consideration.

The famous Sidorenko’s conjecture asserts that for every bipartite graph $H$, the number of homomorphisms from $H$ to a graph $G$ with given edge density is minimised when $G$ is pseudorandom. We prove that for any graph $H$, a graph obtained from replacing edges of $H$ by generalised theta graphs consisting of even paths satisfies Sidorenko’s conjecture, provided a certain divisibility condition on the number of paths. To achieve this, we prove unconditionally that bipartite graphs obtained from replacing each edge of a complete graph with a generalised theta graph satisfy Sidorenko’s conjecture, which extends a result of Conlon, Kim, Lee and Lee [J. Lond. Math. Soc., 2018].

The notions of “emergence” and “becoming” have become widely adopted in relational studies in archaeology, but their definition and application remain nebulous. We advocate a middle-range approach to the incorporation of these related concepts into the study of migration and pronounced cultural shifts. Our study relies on the Bayesian modeling of a significant corpus of radiocarbon dates from Mississippian sites in the Tombigbee Valley of southeastern North America. This investigation has identified the likelihood of two broad migration episodes that we hypothesize are related to cultural rephrasings of landscape and temporality.

While the effects of multidisciplinary weight loss (WL) on resting energy expenditure remain unclear in adolescents with obesity, the potential presence of adaptive thermogenesis (AT) has never been explored, which was the objective of the present work. Twenty-six adolescents (14·1 (sd 1·5) years) with severe obesity completed a 9-month inpatient multidisciplinary intervention followed by a 4-month follow-up. Anthropometric measurements, body composition (dual X-ray absorptiometry) and resting energy expenditure (REE, indirect calorimetry) were assessed before (T0) and after 9 months of WL intervention (T1) and after a 4-month follow-up (T2). AT, at the level of REE, was defined as a significantly lower measured v. predicted (using regression models with baseline data) REE. Two pre-cited REE equations were used, using both fat mass and fat-free mass (FFM) (predicted REE using equation 1) or FFM only (predicted REE using equation 2). Measured and predicted REE significantly decreased between T0 and T1 (P < 0·001) and remained lower at T2 compared with T0 (measured REE: P = 0·017; predicted REE: P < 0·001). Predicted REE using equation 2 was significantly higher than measured REE at T1 (P = 0·012), suggesting the presence of AT. FFM at T0 was negatively correlated with ATp1T1 (Rho = –0·428; P = 0·033) and ATp2T1 (Rho = –0·485; P = 0·014). The variation of FFM between T0 and T1 was negatively correlated with AT at T1 and T2. These preliminary results suggest the existence of AT in response to WL in adolescents with obesity, independently of the degree of WL. AT was associated with subsequent body weight and fat regain, suggesting AT may represent a damper to WL attempts while increasing the adolescents’ risks for subsequent weight and adiposity rebounds.

Salmonella enterica serovar Dublin is host-specific to cattle, causing severe symptoms and economically impacting milk herds. Despite an eradication programme in Denmark, levels of infection have not decreased and suspicion has fallen on the common starling Sturnus vulgaris as a potential vector between herds. The number of breeding starlings in Denmark declined by 60% between 1976 and 2015, a trend correlated with decreases in the number of cattle grazing outside. Ironically, more starlings are now coming into Danish cattle sheds to feed on maize silage outside the breeding season, so it is increasingly important to understand the role of starlings in dispersing Salmonella between cattle herds. We caught and tested 394 different starlings at seven separate dairy farms infected with Salmonella Dublin by swabbing breast feathers, legs, feet and undertail coverts as well as taking faecal samples at these and four other infected farms. We found no trace of the pathogen, indicating that starlings are highly unlikely to be significant in spreading Salmonella Dublin between Danish cattle herds. We recommend investigating alternative contacts that may occur between herds as the cause of disease spread.

This article examines the pedagogical challenges and opportunities of teaching the Israeli–Palestinian conflict amid rising global polarization and campus tensions. We report on a cross-institutional course taught concurrently at Middlebury College (United States) and Yeditepe University (Turkey) after October 7 that was designed to address affective polarization and dehumanization through dialogic education. Drawing on mixed methods including pre- and post-semester surveys, student reflections, and podcast projects, we assess the impact of dialogic practices such as structured dialogue, active listening, and engagement with Israeli and Palestinian peace activists. Our findings indicate that dialogic classrooms (1) deepen historical and analytical understanding of the conflict, (2) foster empathy and curiosity, (3) mitigate polarization even in politically divided contexts, and (4) humanize opposing perspectives without erasing convictions. These results underscore the value of dialogic pedagogy for teaching contentious topics across sociopolitical boundaries and suggest its adaptability to other polarizing issues in political science.

There is a lack of knowledge available on how cats adjust their macronutrient partitioning due to the consumption of single-macronutrient meals. The objective of this study was to evaluate consumption of a single meal of ingredients that contained foods of strictly carbohydrates (CHO), fat (FAT) or protein (PRO), on energy expenditure (EE) and macronutrient metabolism in cats. Ten domestic shorthair adult cats (1·9 years; 4·12 kg) were fed 22–24 g of chicken fat (FAT), 56–62 g of whey protein solution (PRO) or 54–56 g of cornstarch solution (CHO) for a single day in a randomised complete block design. Indirect calorimetry was conducted for 24 h post-feeding. Mean average EE over 24 h was highest in cats fed PRO (44 kcal/kg BW) and FAT (43 kcal/kg BW) compared with that in cats fed CHO (42 kcal/kg BW; P < 0·01). During 0 to 4 h, cats fed FAT had greater EE (49 kcal/kg BW), suggesting that cats respond to oxidising more dietary fat over protein in the early postprandial stage. Mean 24 h respiratory quotient (RQ) was greatest for cats fed CHO (0·76) followed by PRO (0·75) and FAT (0·74; P < 0·05). During 4 to 8 h, the RQ of cats fed PRO was the greatest (0·77), suggesting that cats initially increase gluconeogenesis from amino acids for subsequent glucose oxidation. In comparison to omnivores and herbivores, obligate carnivores have unique responses to single macronutrient intake, where they apparently generate energy from carbohydrate metabolism and rely more on gluconeogenic precursors.

Shakespeare’s Cymbeline explores the tension between the desire for freedom and the obligations individuals owe to their social and political communities. Through the course of the play, characters seek freedom from the authority of their fathers, kings, emperors, and gods with devastating consequences. Tragedy is only averted once these characters understand that the freedom and authority they variously desire is only fulfilled in a mutual love or good will that is bolstered by forgiveness. The play’s setting at the birth of Christ is carried through in the Christian argument and outcome of the plot.

Within a collaboration between the Brazilian Federal Police and the Radiocarbon Laboratory of the Fluminense Federal University (LAC-UFF), this work studies seized art objects made from ivory. We aim to develop protocols to verify whether they are illegal according to the Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species from Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) law by measuring the carbon-14 concentration in the modified ivory samples from different sampling spots and comparing it to the bomb peak curve. Over the course of this research, we evaluate the uncertainties related to the determination of the elephants’ death. These uncertainties are due to several factors such as the provenance of the elephants, growth pattern of the tusks and incorporation of atmospheric radiocarbon to the tissues, sampling methods of ivory objects of different sizes and shapes, and radiocarbon data analysis. This work is a pioneer study in Brazil and is likely to become a reference in the country in the field of radiocarbon analyses in forensic contexts.

In this paper, we study the existence and stability of solitary wave solutions for the generalized Benjamin equation in both the $L^2$-critical and $L^2$-supercritical cases by applying the variational methods and the non-homogeneous Gagliardo–Nirenberg inequality. Our main results generalize and complement the existing results in the literature.