A range of sizes of eight sea urchin species in the Family Echinometridae (Echinostrephus aciculatus, Heliocidaris erythrogramma, Colobocentrotus atratus, Heterocentrotus mamillatus, Heterocentrotus trigonarius, Echinometra mathaei, Echinometra lucunter, and Echinometra vanbrunti) were digitized and their shapes decomposed using elliptical Fourier analysis to quantify shape differences. Coefficients of sines and cosines of harmonics were used in a principal components analysis to show the separation of species. The principal component analysis shows the Echinometridae shape morphospace with the greatest separation of Echinostrephus and Colobocentrotus from other species. Major loadings were related to morphological measurements: height/diameter, lift of the oral surface above the substrate, and position of the ambitus to height. All species showed an increase in height/diameter with size, but only some species showed a correlation of oral lift or position of the ambitus with Fourier coefficients.

Given $p\in[1,\infty)$ and a bounded open set $\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^d$ with Lipschitz boundary, we study the $\Gamma$-convergence of the weighted fractional seminorm

\begin{equation*}[u]_{s,p,f}^p=\int_{\mathbb{R}^d} \int_{\mathbb{R}^d} \frac{|\tilde u(x)- \tilde u(y)|^p}{\|x-y\|^{d+sp}}\,f(x)\,f(y)\,\mathrm{d} x\,\mathrm{d} y,\end{equation*}

as $s\to1^-$ for $u\in L^p(\Omega)$, where $\tilde u=u$ on $\Omega$ and $\tilde u=0$ on $\mathbb{R}^d\setminus\Omega$. Assuming that $(f_s)_{s\in(0,1)}\subset L^\infty(\mathbb{R}^d;[0,\infty))$ and $f\in\mathrm{Lip}_b(\mathbb{R}^d;(0,\infty))$ are such that $f_s\to f$ in $L^\infty(\mathbb{R}^d)$ as $s\to1^-$, we show that $(1-s)[u]_{s,p,f_s}^p$ $\Gamma$-converges to the Dirichlet $p$-energy weighted by $f^2$. In the case $p=2$, we also prove the convergence of the corresponding gradient flows.

Recent corporate scandals and excessively egotistical behavior on the part of organizational leaders underscore the need for industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology and human resource (HR) scholars and practitioners to critically examine how organizational systems and practices can stimulate leader narcissism. Whereas most organizational scholarship considers leader narcissism to be a stable input that influences important organizational outcomes, we challenge organizational scholars and practitioners to further inspect how organizational practices may either stimulate or suppress leader narcissism. We focus on HR practices as one specific set of organizational practices within the area of expertise of I-O psychologists and HR professionals. Drawing on self-categorization theory, we argue that highly personalizing HR practices (e.g., hypercompetitive leader selection, high-potential programs, elevated leader pay) can encourage leaders to define themselves in terms of a “special” personal identity in ways that set them apart from the broader collective within organizations and in turn facilitate leader narcissism. In contrast, we argue that depersonalizing HR practices (e.g., rotational leader selection, inclusive developmental programs, interdependent rewards) can encourage leaders to act in group-oriented ways that benefit the interests of others in an organization—and beyond. We call on organizational scholars and practitioners to consider more carefully how HR practices—often designed with the goal of cultivating leadership potential—may unintentionally reinforce leader narcissism. With this analysis, we hope to stimulate research in this area and offer insights to shape HR policies and practices in ways that discourage destructive forms of leader narcissism.

Understanding the regional diversity of epiphytic bryophytes along elevation gradients is crucial for assessing forest ecosystems, particularly in areas vulnerable to climate change. The study aimed to compare the composition and richness of epiphytic bryophytes colonising on basal trunks of Cryptomeria japonica, a predominant conifer in the Darjeeling hills, across different altitude zones, and to assess the underlying macroclimatic factors driving such variations. The field surveys were performed at nine elevation zones of Darjeeling between 1450 and 2250 m above sea level. Bryophytes belonging to 37 genera, primarily from Dicranales and Hypnales, were recorded. Diversity profiles reflected low evenness, with Syrrhopodon confertus emerging as the dominant moss in the community. Species richness displayed a multimodal pattern along the altitudinal gradient. The trend exhibited an initial hump peaking at 1550 m and a subsequent rise of richness above 2150 m. About 43.24% of species were confined to a single altitude zone, signifying a narrow range of occurrence. The epiphyte compositions of 1450, 1550 and 2250 m were distinct compared to the other elevation zones. Furthermore, statistical evaluation predicted the influence of climatic parameters such as precipitation, temperature stability and solar radiation on bryophyte assemblage. Therefore, the outcome provides a broad overview of the distribution of bryophytes at managed conifer forests and underscores the significance of elevation-specific climatic conditions in shaping bryophyte diversity, which can be useful for designing their effective conservation strategies.

This article explores phenomenological open graphic notation as an effective scoring method for instrumentalists engaging with chaotic systems in interactive electroacoustic music. Open graphic notation has long provided composers with a means of fostering interpretative freedom in musical performance. The subjective nature of open graphic scores establishes a dynamic relationship between the score and the performer that parallels the interactions between musicians and chaotic systems in interactive electroacoustic music. Chaotic systems, characterised by their non-linear and unpredictable behaviour, often necessitate improvisatory approaches rather than reliance on fixed notation. However, notation can serve as a structural framework, affording composers greater formal control while supporting performers who may be less accustomed to improvisation. How, then, might notation be used with chaotic systems in interactive electroacoustic music? Drawing on phenomenological concepts such as the lived body, embodied action and Gestalt perception, this notational approach can provide a structured yet flexible means of guiding performer–system interactions. The author presents three recent compositions as case studies, demonstrating how phenomenological open graphic notation can shape and mediate the performer’s engagement with chaotic systems in interactive electroacoustic music.

Adam Smith is often read as having sought to develop a systematic and universally applicable science of political economy, but in fact he did not believe that it was even possible to do so. This is true for a variety of reasons. First, Smith was generally skeptical of system-building, holding that intellectual systems tend to be reductive and distorting. Although Smith aspired to develop a theory of natural jurisprudence that would lay out a set of universally applicable laws, such laws were in fact incompatible with his own conception of justice. Smith’s general approach to politics and political economy also tended to be far more pragmatic, in several senses of that term, than universal or scientific. Finally, Smith’s aversion to the “spirit of system” in politics led him to be wary of implementing even his own preferred policies immediately or in their entirety.

Politicization is one of the most fundamental characteristics of Chinese society, manifested in the direct and comprehensive control of society by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Methods include soft control through ideology and coercive control through campaigns. Based on the varying degrees of the CCP’s social control, the trajectory of China’s regime politicization can be divided into four periods: (1) the politicized regime of 1949–1965, (2) the hyper-politicized regime of 1966–1978, (3) the de-politicized regime of 1979–2012, and (4) the re-politicized regime of 2013–2023. We established an annual politicization index for the years 1949 to 2023 through a content analysis of two million articles in the People’s Daily, validating the trajectory of politicization changes in China. We use a model analysis of CCP membership attainment to demonstrate the applicability of the index in assessing how regime dynamics affect Party membership across the four periods.

We examine the degree spectra of relations on ${(\omega , <)}$. Given an additional relation R on ${(\omega ,<)}$, such as the successor relation, the degree spectrum of R is the set of Turing degrees of R in computable copies of ${(\omega ,<)}$. It is known that all degree spectra of relations on ${(\omega ,<)}$ fall into one of four categories: the computable degree, all of the c.e. degrees, all of the $\Delta ^0_2$ degrees, or intermediate between the c.e. degrees and the $\Delta ^0_2$ degrees. Examples of the first three degree spectra are easy to construct and well-known, but until recently it was open whether there is a relation with intermediate degree spectrum on a cone. Bazhenov, Kalociński, and Wroclawski constructed an example of an intermediate degree spectrum, but their example is unnatural in the sense that it is constructed by diagonalization and thus not canonical, that is, which relation you obtain from their construction depends on which Gödel encoding (and hence order of enumeration) of the partial computable functions/programs you choose. In this article, we use the “on-a-cone” paradigm to restrict our attention to “natural” relations R. Our main result is a construction of a natural relation on ${(\omega ,<)}$ which has intermediate degree spectrum. This relation has intermediate degree spectrum because of structural reasons.

In their article, Partono et al. report the results of a mixed-methods study aimed at evaluating the organizational features of medical-legal partnerships (MLPs) and their potential relation to overall quality of care and health outcomes for people living with HIV. The authors find that factors such as type of medical partner in the MLP (community-based healthcare organization vs. hospital system) and the colocation of legal and support services are associated with certain clinical outcomes such as greater appointment adherence and a greater reduction in viral load. This study is the latest in a series of efforts seeking to build the MLP evidence base and tie MLPs to meaningful, measurable health outcomes. The accumulation of empirical evidence evaluating the effectiveness of MLPs is an important trend in the literature.

This paper re-animates debates over the unsettled relationship between jazz and popular music through an exploration of the recent ‘London jazz explosion’. It explores the framing of London jazz’s mainstreaming as counter-hegemonic in press/promotional coverage, showing how the prominence of Black musicians and Black popular musics in ‘new London jazz’ is widely interpreted as a rejoinder to perceived elitism and institutional whiteness in British and European jazz ‘establishments’. It also examines interpretations of the scene’s relative commercial success as a meaningful reversal of jazz’s institutionalisation as art music since the 1980s. I define this discourse as ‘jazz populism’, through which the very fact of the scene’s mainstream appeal is used to promote London jazz as a musical – and cultural-political – ‘alternative’. The paper provides overdue analysis of a significant development in 2020s European popular music, and deepens our understanding of the complexities of contemporary musical mainstreams.

The bulk organic-matter content of near-surface sediment is widely used for radiocarbon (14C) dating, despite often containing organic carbon (OC) older than the depositional age. Low-temperature combustion can mitigate the influence of old OC, producing ages closer to the depositional age. We developed a simple method to determine the 14C age of the low-temperature (<250°C) component of bulk sediment. Sediment samples from five Arctic lakes were heated up to 400°C, revealing that at 250°C, about half of the OC combusts, leaving behind the more recalcitrant fraction. We applied this method to 64 samples from late glacial and Holocene sediment cores, analyzing 14C and % OC in two aliquots: one heated at 250°C and one unheated. The low-temperature 14C age was calculated by difference using a two-component mixing model. Accuracy was assessed by comparing ages with macrofossils from 48 samples, and reproducibility was tested using a standard reference material. Results show that low-temperature combustion yields 14C ages with an interquartile range of 115 years, and with reproducibility on par with that of macrofossil dating. On average, the ages differ by 932 years from macrofossils, compared to a 2425-year difference for conventional bulk-sediment ages analyzed in this study. Accuracy improves for samples where the proportion of residual OC after heating is low. This practical and efficient method complements macrofossil dating, supports analysis of a large number of samples, and provides insights into sedimentary carbon cycling.