Trust judgments involve rapidly evaluating others’ appearance and are critical in psychosocial development. Trust biases may be linked to psychopathology risk, particularly in vulnerable, adversity-affected populations, but very little is known about trust perception in refugee context. Here, we measured trust perception of Syrian refugee children (N = 324, Mage = 6.32 years) displaced in Jordan, using a validated trust task with computer-generated faces varying in perceived trustworthiness (data collection: May-August 2021). Mothers (N = 324, Mage = 32.59) reported on child and mothers’ mental health, and mother-child relationship. Child trust perception was not associated with child or mothers’ mental health, or mother-child relationship (all p > .10), but we found age-related changes in perceived trust, with older children reporting faces as less trustworthy than younger children (B = .32, p < .001). Although children’s social judgments might be associated with socio-emotional functioning in non-refugee populations, our results suggest that refugee children’s mental health does not seem to be linked to their perception of trust, and that trusting others might diminish with age in displaced, at-risk children.

Business failure was a key moment of crisis for family relations, when obligations to kin were tested and liabilities negotiated. Family ties have generally been regarded as a positive resource, and a key form of insurance against failure, but in practice the terms and conditions of assistance could be a matter of delicate negotiation. Focusing on a case study from nineteenth-century Sheffield, the article uses personal and business correspondence to reveal the different positions of family members in managing failure, and the emotional tensions that accompanied this process. Through cooperation, assets could be protected and the family name preserved from the shame and expense associated with the formal process of bankruptcy. However, the family’s response to failure also highlighted differences between grades of kin and across generations. Direct financial support was one option, but separation of assets was an alternative way of proceeding that could offer strategic benefits. The case demonstrates the role of microhistorical study for exploring the tensions and emotions that could be generated within families. Responses to financial crisis highlight the role of family relations and emotion as important factors in understanding economic behaviour.

In Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention and Control, programmatic goals often strive to achieve clinical benefit by practice change in the direction of doing less. Practically, this may include reducing the number of tests ordered, encouraging shorter and more narrow courses of antimicrobials, or discontinuing practices that are no longer contextually appropriate. Because promoting practice change in the direction of doing less is a critical aspect of day-to-day operations in Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention and Control, the goals of this Society for Healthcare Epidemiology Research Committee White Paper are to provide a roadmap and framework for leveraging principles of implementation and de-implementation science in day-to-day practice. Part II of this series focuses on some practical case studies, including real-world examples of applied de-implementation science to promote discontinuation of practices that are ineffective, overused, or no longer effective.

This article presents the results of archaeological research of the post-Second World War mass grave site of Jama pod Macesnovo gorico in Slovenia. The surroundings of the killing site and the mass grave have been the subject of various investigations, including the exhumation of human remains in 2022. In addition to the human remains of approximately 3450 individuals, the results of metal detector surveys, and the excavation of the grave itself have yielded thousands of artefacts associated with the victims and perpetrators, shedding light on the events of the post-Second World War period and mass murder of opponents of the communist-oriented national liberation movement and new Yugoslavian regime. The study represents the results of the most extensive exhumation of war victims’ remains in Slovenia and demonstrates the significant role of archaeology in the reconstruction of historically poorly documented events in modern conflicts.

Milícias are mafia-style organizations, often composed of current and former state agents, that have rapidly expanded in areas with limited state presence and weak legal oversight. In Rio de Janeiro, their territorial control is not maintained by coercion alone, but also through strategic political alliances. This article theorizes and tests a mechanism linking milícia expansion to electoral politics: milícias deliver concentrated electoral support to specific politicians, who in return shield their operations by influencing bureaucratic appointments and law enforcement priorities. Using original geospatial and electoral data, we show that milícia entry into a new area increases electoral concentration and disproportionately benefits milícia-aligned candidates in adjacent territories. We further demonstrate that this electoral capital is converted into political power through key bureaucratic appointments that facilitate further expansion and institutional impunity. Our findings support a theoretical framework in which elections reinforce, rather than constrain, criminal governance in democratic settings.

The Tomb of the Scipios is a multigenerational patrician tomb outside Rome dating from the early third to mid-second century b.c.e. The tomb is perhaps most famous for its verse epitaphs, which have traditionally been identified as echoes of the lost elite family domestic archives that informed the first Roman histories. In dialogue with the recent turn towards considering the role of non-literary methods of recording the past in the development of Roman historical thought, this paper proposes a reinterpretation of these epitaphs within their archaeological context. Ultimately, this paper argues that the Tomb of the Scipios and its epitaphs should be understood not simply as lost echoes of other types of family history, but as a site where the family experienced history through an ongoing dialogue with the dead.

Blade ice accumulation is a serious problem that changes turbine aerodynamics and dynamics, leading to lower power output and higher structural loading. Different from the literature, this paper investigates the performance effectiveness of baseline wind turbine controllers: the generator torque and collective blade pitch controllers against rotor blade ice accumulation. The NREL 5-MW turbine is utilised, and simulations of baseline controllers are conducted with the MS (Mustafa Sahin) Bladed Model for clean and iced blade cases. The performance of the controllers is examined in below (Region 2) and above (Region 3) rated regions under 1 m/s step rising wind speeds. Results are presented through various parameters, including turbine controllers’ gain(s), blade pitch angle, rotor speed, power, etc. Rotor speed response is used to evaluate the controllers’ performance. Even slight blade ice accumulation is estimated to affect turbine efficiency and characteristics, decreasing ${C_{pmax}}$ by 13.27%, slightly varying optimum blade pitch angle and tip speed ratio, altering the control input gain by up to 14.68%. Blade ice accumulation is observed to adversely affect baseline controllers’ performance. In Region 2, the torque controller exhibits reduced transient and steady-state performance, with rotor speed reaching the steady-state approximately 2 s later and showing a steady-state error of 1.86%. In Region 3, the pitch controller’s transient performance deteriorates at low wind speeds, particularly near the rated wind speed, leading to an increased decay time of up to 5.2 s. However, beyond 16 m/s, pitch controller performance gradually recovers, becoming nearly identical to the clean blade case at 21 m/s, while the controller steady-state performance remains unaffected.

This article constructs an approach to analyzing longitudinal panel data which combines topological data analysis (TDA) and generative AI applied to graph neural networks (GNNs). TDA is deployed to identify and analyze unobserved topological heterogeneities of a dataset. TDA-extracted information is quantified into a set of measures, called functional principal components. These measures are used to analyze the data in four ways. First, the measures are construed as moderators of the data and their statistical effects are estimated through a Bayesian framework. Second, the measures are used as factors to classify the data into topological classes using generative AI applied to GNNs constructed by transforming the data into graphs. The classification uncovers patterns in the data which are otherwise not accessible through statistical approaches. Third, the measures are used as factors that condition the extraction of latent variables of the data through a deployment of a generative AI model. Fourth, the measures are used as labels for classifying the graphs into classes used to offer a GNN-based effective dimensionality reduction of the original data. The article uses a portion of the militarized international disputes (MIDs) dataset (from 1946 to 2010) as a running example to briefly illustrate its ideas and steps.

This article concerns the economy of one of the few fortified settlements of the Late Bronze Age–Early Iron Age on the northern coast of the Black Sea, the Uch-Bash settlement, and its satellite settlement, Sakharna Holovka, in the Inkerman Valley in south-western Crimea. Archaeological excavations from the 1950s onwards have yielded much information on the cultivation of plants from the settlement, including charred grains and their impressions on pottery, tools for harvesting and processing the crops, storage containers, and other objects. Data were also obtained on the crops that were grown in the Inkerman Valley. Together, this evidence shows that the production of cereals was a major aspect of its economy at the turn of the Bronze Age to the Iron Age.