The reuse of information derived from past archaeological investigations is integral to contemporary research practices. Yet, archiving practices of many (but not all) scholars, cultural resource managers, and public agencies often fall short of meeting standard best practices. This limitation impedes efficient and meaningful reuse of information in future research and management endeavors. To alleviate archival and reuse concerns, the development of publicly available, secure, online archives is crucial to improving scholarly research, assisting in land-planning activities and enhancing access to cultural heritage documents for Indigenous communities. In response to these challenges and in collaboration with state, federal, and tribal partners, the Center for Digital Antiquity established the Digital Archive of Huhugam Archaeology. This archive, preserved in the Digital Archaeological Record (tDAR), consolidates information from more than 90 years of archaeological investigations in central and southern Arizona. We outline the process of constructing the archive and describe the current methods for assessing reuse (distinguishing between quantity and quality) and the value of reuse. Even though metrics such as page views and downloads are used often, we believe that when used on their own they fail to adequately capture the true value of reused data for academics, cultural resource managers, Indigenous communities, and the public.

The Silurian inliers of the Pentland Hills contain abundant and diverse fossil assemblages and have interested geologists for more than 150 years. However, the faunas are very different from those found in the classic Anglo-Welsh area or the Spanish El Pintado Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the Telychian Stage in peri-Gondwana. Initial geological exploration of the hills found few fossils, with little meaningful interest shown in the area until Dr Archibald Lamont, a controversial Scottish geologist, began researching the inliers. Lamont was the first to suggest that the rocks might be upper Llandovery rather than Wenlock, and went on to propose that their unique fossil assemblages warranted a new division being erected between the Llandovery and Wenlock series, which he named the ‘Pentlandian’. This new division was rejected by the international geological community. Euan Clarkson’s arrival in Edinburgh and his introduction to the Pentland Hills began what would be a lifetime’s fascination with the geology of the area. He instigated an extensive series of research projects and recruited researchers looking at the geology and a wide range of fossil groups, the most abundant of which is the Brachiopoda. The Telychian Wether Law Linn Formation in particular contains many shelly and graptolite faunas enabling correlation. The palaeocommunities identified suggest a deeper-water palaeoenvironment with finer-grained siliciclastic sediments set in a regressive marine sedimentary succession. Multivariate analyses show the mutual proximity of the Pentland associations and their distinctiveness from other Llandovery faunas. The Pentlandian is considered a regional term but the distinctive nature of the Pentlandian biotas, on a global scale, is confirmed and introduced here as the Pentlandian Biotic Complex.

This study reviews Crangopsis based on newly collected material from Carlops, Bearsden (and equivalent exposures of the same horizon), Granton and Ardross and a redescription of older collections mostly held in The Hunterian, University of Glasgow, Scotland. Two new species, Crangopsis carlopsensis sp. nov. and Crangopsis baljaffrayensis sp. nov., are described based on diagnostic character differences such as the shape of the pleura on the pleon. Newly observed structures on Crangopsis include a short acute ridge of unknown purpose on the pleonal pleura, a short rostrum, a vertical straight cervical groove on the carapace, as well as several thoracic body segments (thoracomeres) that do not appear to be attached to the carapace. The eight paired thoracopods and two maxillipeds and the separate thoracomeres indicate that Crangopsis is an early member of the Mysidacea.

Scholars often find Luke’s depiction of the Temple conflicting and paradoxical, and various solutions have been proposed to account for this perceived tension. In this article, I attempt to elucidate Luke’s treatment of the Temple by considering it from a different angle: how is Luke, in light of the recent siege of Jerusalem and destruction of the Temple, responding to those events, and what type of response does he hope to engender in his readers? Considering Luke’s treatment of the Temple as a “response” to its destruction clarifies the rhetorical goals of his narrative and accounts for the range of themes that have proved confounding for many interpreters.

Although political cartoons were a dominant form of visual political media during the Gilded Age and Progressive Era, historians have paid little attention to how the contentious tariff debate of the time was reflected in this medium. This article examines the visual strategies used by protectionist agitators, focusing on the cartoons published by the American Protective Tariff League in its weekly newspaper, the American Economist, between 1894 and 1909. Frequently reproduced in other newspapers, these cartoons reached a broad readership. Through an analysis of recurring symbols, metaphors, and visualization patterns, the article shows how protectionists used cartoons to transform the abstract and somewhat esoteric economic issue of tariffs into an attractive political cause that resonated deeply with ordinary Americans. Demonstrating how cartoons served to simplify, dramatize, and emotionalize the tariff issue, the article thus expands our understanding of the cultural forces that underpinned protectionism’s attractiveness as a political ideology around the turn of the century. Overall, the presentation of the tariff issue in these cartoons amounted to a peculiar mix of fearmongering and promise. While the tariff was usually depicted through metaphors of protection and defense against an imminent threat, the abstract concept of protectionism was visually displayed through metaphors evoking a general notion of prosperity as its alleged result.

In this paper I offer a defence of absence causation in response to a central challenge: the problem of profligacy. Focussing on two related cases of absence causation, holes and surface absences, the account of absence causation offered for these cases has the following attractions: it captures the central features of many of our common-sense judgments about absence causation in these cases; it doesn’t appeal to norms; and is grounded in salient features of the metaphysics of the cases. As such, there’s a metaphysically respectable, principled criterion for absence causation that solves the problem of profligacy for these cases.

With this issue, The Americas inaugurates a new section, In Dialogue, dedicated to fostering scholarly exchange through the publication of clusters of articles that speak directly to one another. This format is designed as a space between a traditional special issue and the standard publication of individual research articles. By presenting paired or grouped pieces that clearly intersect, we hope to highlight conversations already emerging across historical fields, disciplines, geographies, and methodological approaches.

Wilbrand von Oldenburg was born in the second half of the twelfth century into a noble Germanic family and embarked on an ecclesiastical career while still young, becoming canon of the cathedral chapter of Hildesheim in 1211. Linked to the political circles of the empire’s high officials and the religious circles that supported the emperor, he travelled to the Holy Land from 1211 to 1213 for purposes of diplomacy and pilgrimage. The Itinerarium Terrae Sanctae is a significant source of information about the political, military and ecclesiastical affairs of the recent Christian kingdom of Lesser Armenia, Cyprus and territories such as Palestine, Lebanon and Syria, characterised by the coexistence of different peoples and religions. Wilbrand also recounts this diversity through the soundscape he encounters. Perhaps the most interesting sound element of the travel account is the description of the music of the kingdom of Cilicia, particularly for the feast of the day of Epiphany, including the procession of the sovereign and clergy. The many musical details in the text testify to ritual practices that can be traced back, in some respects, to Eastern Greek customs and, in others, to Latin ceremonials, particularly the Franco-Ottonian imperial model. Finally, an unexpected account of discantus for the rite of the day of Epiphany in aurora provides an opportunity to reflect on Wilbrand’s terminology in reference to liturgical musical performance for the intonation of the office, the recitation of epistles and gospels, and the rituals of the most solemn ceremonies.

This paper critiques the ‘Trolley Problem’ tradition in moral philosophy as simplistically reductive and dangerous in its applications. Beginning with Philippa Foot’s abortion arguments and evolving through Judith Thomson’s and Robert Nozick’s work, trolleyology abstracts moral decisions from social context, masking a politics of extreme individualism. This decontextualized approach, masquerading as objective moral science, has pernicious real-world consequences. The paper traces how trolleyology has influenced ‘Revisionist’ Just War theory, which reduces collective political conflict to individual self-defense scenarios. This reductive framework has helped justify contemporary drone warfare and targeted killing by treating complex military decisions as simple moral calculations. I argue that genuine ethical thought requires engagement with social context, relationships, and political complexity rather than abstract thought experiments.

How should New Testament scholarship theorize enslavement, mainly when the victim’s experience is both linguistically unrepresentable (the very essence of pain) and, more relevantly, when primary sources do not contain first-person testimonies? Specifically, how does historiography account for the plight experienced by victims of enslavement when the historical archive is empty of the victims’ voices and, in many cases, mystifies, allegorizes, or erases the victims’ agony? I study the figure of the captive in Galatians 4:1–9 from the perspective of recent historiographical insights in the study of the Middle Passage. This article argues that the binary captive/free-person is foundational to important theological concepts in Paul, such as filiation and inheritance.

While political opposition to economic globalisation has increased, several governments have adopted stricter unilateral interventions in global supply chains in the name of sustainability, despite their potentially significant economic costs. We argue that these policy choices are partly driven by politicians’ incentives to align with domestic public opinion. In particular, new information disclosure rules enable governments to implement market access restrictions compliant with binding trade liberalisation commitments while (a priori) obscuring their costs to voters. We assess the latter argument with original survey data and experiments with representative samples from the twelve major OECD importing economies (N = 24,000). Indeed, citizens expect substantive benefits while discounting costs from these new regulations, resulting in majority support for rather stringent standards. We further observe that these relationships are muted in countries with high trade exposure. These findings suggest that governments may strategically implement unilateral policies with high-cost obfuscation to garner domestic voter support, driving regulatory proliferation in international economic relations.

The War of Jenkins’ Ear (from 1739 to 1748), more accurately known in Spanish as the “Guerra del Asiento,” marked the end of the Spanish Crown’s authorization of the British monopoly of the South Sea Company to deliver captive Africans to the Spanish Americas. The end of the British Asiento led to four decades of experimentation by various actors within the Spanish Empire trying to reestablish and expand the slave trade, which many Spanish political economy leaders increasingly saw as vital to the future of both the metropolis and the colonies. This article examines certain currents, undercurrents, and countercurrents of the deregulation of the slave trade, linking these debates to the evolving policies on colonial commerce within the Spanish Empire, as authorities in Iberia and the Americas recognized the interconnectedness of these issues and their relationship to the actual slave trading in the colonies. Besides focusing on colonial elites and reforms in colonial governance, this article demonstrates that the timelines of reforms in overall trade policy and measures regarding the slave trade were closely connected.

An open question about cartography is whether one and the same functional head may iterate on the functional hierarchy. We demonstrate that the stackability of certain modals from the same semantic class in Mandarin offers clear evidence for such a possibility.