The Cominform resolution was a turning point in the history of Yugoslavia. In the context of the Cold War, the conflict between Yugoslavia and the Eastern Bloc also had serious consequences on a global level, representing the first major split in the international communist movement after World War II. However, echoes of the split within the million-strong Yugoslav overseas diaspora have not drawn much scientific interest, despite the diaspora’s extensive involvement in the socio-political situation in Yugoslavia throughout the 20th century. The goal of the article is to study the Tito-Stalin split as an international crisis of enormous significance through the local politics of diaspora to better understand its nature and impact. The influence of the diaspora’s host countries’ communist parties must be emphasised in order to understand why most Yugoslav emigrants in the west supported Cominform, as shown through the analysis of sources originating from archives in Australia, New Zealand, Croatia, and Serbia.

Variation is present in every language at every structural level. Though extremely complex, linguistic variation is not fully unpredictable. Previous research suggests that cognitive biases in learning favour conditioned variation: learners often make languages more predictable by eliminating variation or by conditioning it on context, pointing to the presence of biases against random variation. Learning biases favour lexical conditioning over more general category-based conditioning, though both occur in natural languages. Interaction may also contribute to shaping conditioned variation by providing a mechanism for interlocutors to develop a shared system through the coordination of individual preferences. In the present study, we investigated the role of dyadic interaction in the emergence of conditioned variation. We trained participants on an artificial language with unpredictable variation in plural marking and objects representing one or two semantic categories and had them play a communication game using the newly learned language. We hypothesised that interaction would introduce category-based conditioning, this being the simplest conditioned system in the language. Contrary to our expectations, we found no evidence of spontaneous category-based conditioning: participants either removed variation or conditioned marker use on lexical items. Further experiments are needed to explain the emergence of this common linguistic pattern.

The question we tackle in this paper is why some indefinite nominal expressions are licit in Romance despite the absence of number marking on the determiner and on the noun, an unexpected option in Romance languages, which are number marking languages (Gil 1987). We focus on the invariable DE found in some Francoprovençal varieties and compare it with partitive articles (PAs) in French/Francoprovençal. We propose that invariable DE and the DE component of PAs explicitly express semantic number, more precisely cumulative reference, and that DE can hence satisfy the requirement of D° to encode number/quantification information (following Delfitto & Schroten 1991). DE combines with an overt or covert ILLE component in a separate functional head (Num°/#°; morphosyntactic number), resulting in PAs and bimorphemic-DE, respectively. As a result, DE is semantically and morphologically equivalent to PAs, except for a non-overt component with DE. Our analysis further shows that the mass/count distinction is not morphologically encoded in Romance but rather a byproduct of the two oppositions plural/singular (morphosyntactic number) and cumulative/atomic reference (semantic number).

When excavating complex anthropogenic stratigraphies, the field archaeologist is often limited to prioritizing the sampling strategy based on in situ macroscopic interpretations. Not until months after the excavation do supporting information and interpretations such as micromorphological analysis offer a more nuanced picture. This article addresses this challenge by evaluating two methods for analyzing results as the excavation is ongoing: computer tomography (CT) and cone beam CT-scanning (CBCT-scanning) of soil blocks using commercially available medical scanners (0.6 mm and 0.3 mm resolution) and an impregnation and micromorphological sediment screening (MSS) approach. The combined methods were applied on samples from a Neolithic settlement (n = 24), an Iron Age / Viking Age cult (n = 9), and an Iron Age settlement (n = 1) in Denmark. Results showed that the CBCT-scanning did not offer clear visual documentation of the different densities between, for example, organic-rich and sandy layers, while the micromorphological screening showed potential when a fluorescent agent (Epodye) was added to the epoxy. Hence, the results suggest that the epoxy impregnation makes it possible to detect microstratigraphical features, while further identification requires a traditional micromorphological thin-section analysis. It would require a larger quantity of samples to assess the procedure’s cost-efficiency on a larger scale.

Long-term immunoglobulin therapy is crucial for several neuromuscular disorders (NMD). Recently, subcutaneous immunoglobulin (SCIg) has become an alternate to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) for maintenance therapy to address limitations. This prospective study assessed the feasibility of SCIg as maintenance therapy for various NMDs after transitioning from IVIg. Overall, the mean monthly immunoglobulin dose remained stable or reduced after transition while maintaining efficacy. Participants reported significantly fewer side effects (29.2 % vs. 66.7%) with SCIg. Compliance with self-infusion and dosing regimen with SCIg was high, with no product wastage. The study shows SCIg therapy has distinct advantages over IVIg and should be considered for NMD patients requiring maintenance therapy.

We compare the marked length spectra of some pairs of proper and cocompact cubical actions of a nonvirtually cyclic group on $\mathrm {CAT}(0)$ cube complexes. The cubulations are required to be virtually co-special, have the same sets of convex-cocompact subgroups, and admit a contracting element. There are many groups for which these conditions are always fulfilled for any pair of cubulations, including nonelementary cubulable hyperbolic groups, many cubulable relatively hyperbolic groups, and many right-angled Artin and Coxeter groups.

For these pairs of cubulations, we study the Manhattan curve associated to their combinatorial metrics. We prove that this curve is analytic and convex, and a straight line if and only if the marked length spectra are homothetic. The same result holds if we consider invariant combinatorial metrics in which the lengths of the edges are not necessarily one. In addition, for their standard combinatorial metrics, we prove a large deviations theorem with shrinking intervals for their marked length spectra. We deduce the same result for pairs of word metrics on hyperbolic groups.

The main tool is the construction of a finite-state automaton that simultaneously encodes the marked length spectra of both cubulations in a coherent way, in analogy with results about (bi)combable functions on hyperbolic groups by Calegari-Fujiwara [14]. The existence of this automaton allows us to apply the machinery of thermodynamic formalism for suspension flows over subshifts of finite type, from which we deduce our results.

We sharpen and generalize the dimension growth bounds for the number of points of bounded height lying on an irreducible algebraic variety of degree d, over any global field. In particular, we focus on the affine hypersurface situation by relaxing the condition on the top degree homogeneous part of the polynomial describing the affine hypersurface, while sharpening the dependence on the degree in the bounds compared to previous results. We formulate a conjecture about plane curves which provides a conjectural approach to the uniform degree $3$ case (the only remaining open case). For induction on dimension, we develop a higher-dimensional effective version of Hilbert’s irreducibility theorem, which is of independent interest.

Digital Tools are reshaping how Engineering Design data and information are produced, processed, used, reused, shared, and stored. The Digital Thread prioritizes the flow of design data and information, promoting effective collaboration and process efficiency. While literature showcases the immense application and capability of taking a Digital Thread approach to Product Design, best practices, key features, and benefits of successful implementations remain scarce. Reviewing and understanding successful implementations can assist researchers and practitioners in making informed decisions to effectively implement Digital Threads in their product design processes. This article addresses this gap by reporting a post hoc review of a collaborative Research & Development project that developed and implemented a Digital Thread approach to the design of hydrogen composite pressure vessels. A thematic analysis of the project’s reports and interviews with members of the project team was performed to identify the key features that expedite and improve the design process through an effective Digital Thread implementation. The post hoc review offers valuable insights – in the form of six feature benefits, four potential implementation challenges, three possible extensions, and four best practice recommendations – for companies looking to adopt and implement a Digital Thread approach to their design process.

Most people are multilingual, and most multilinguals code-switch, yet the characteristics of code-switched language are not fully understood. We developed a chatbot capable of completing a Map Task with human participants using code-switched Spanish and English. In two experiments, we prompted the bot to code-switch according to different strategies, examining (1) the feasibility of such experiments for investigating bilingual language use and (2) whether participants would be sensitive to variations in discourse and grammatical patterns. Participants generally enjoyed code-switching with our bot as long as it produced predictable code-switching behavior; when code-switching was random or ungrammatical (as when producing unattested incongruent mixed-language noun phrases, such as ‘la fork’), participants enjoyed the task less and were less successful at completing it. These results underscore the potential downsides of deploying insufficiently developed multilingual language technology, while also illustrating the promise of such technology for conducting research on bilingual language use.

The study aimed to develop and validate a food literacy tool for Tanzanian adults. The Tanzanian nutrition, food and health promotion experts evaluated the initial twenty-three-question food literacy tool for its relevance to the context, where its content validity was determined. The construct validity involved the analysis of food literacy information collected in a cross-sectional study involving 709 adults (484 females and 225 males) sampled from rural and urban Tanzania. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to explore the underlying factor structure and identify the number of latent constructs. A confirmatory factor analysis using structural equation modelling verified the measurement model and confirmed the theoretical model’s validity and reliability. The descriptive statistics summarised the essential characteristics of the study sample. The final tool remained with fourteen questions after removing questions with low factor loadings < 0·5 and higher uniqueness above 0·60. The model achieved construct validity through convergent and discriminant validity and construct reliability through the composite reliability exceeding 0·60 and a Cronbach’s α value of 0·83 and above. The fourteen-question food literacy tool has been reviewed and evaluated by experts in food, nutrition and public health; therefore, it is a valid measure of food literacy among adults in Tanzania. It is suitable for designing nutrition education programmes and ensures accurate and reliable measurements for effective interventions and policy actions.

Assessing glacier surface mass balance (SMB) is essential for evaluating glacier response to climate change. However, traditional in situ measurement methods are labour intensive and often lack the temporal and spatial resolutions required to fully constrain SMB models. Here, we explore the potential of the Global Navigation Satellite System Interferometric Reflectometry (GNSS-IR) technique which exploits reflected satellite signals to track surface height changes for continuous SMB estimation. Using data from 13 GNSS stations operating between 2019 and 2021 on Glacier d’Argentière (French Alps), we compare GNSS-IR-derived SMB with estimates from snow pits, wooden stakes, continuous ice-melt measurements using a SmartStake device, and a degree-day model. We demonstrate that the GNSS-IR technique can reliably estimate SMB values that closely match independent in situ measurements, while also offering the advantages of spatial integration and long-term time series that capture both snowfall events and snow/ice melt. We show that glacier surface roughness and antenna height, when the glacier is snow-free, strongly influence uncertainties, which can be reduced to as little as 2 cm d−1 using a smoothing filter. Finally, we demonstrate that the GNSS-IR technique can further constrain the degree-day factor, particularly its temporal evolution throughout the ablation season.

In a previous paper, the authors extended Mirzakhani’s (almost-everywhere defined) measurable conjugacy between the earthquake and horocycle flows to a measurable bijection. In this one, we analyze the continuity properties of this map and its inverse, proving that both are continuous at many points and in many directions. This lets us transfer measure convergence between the two systems, allowing us to pull back results from Teichmüller dynamics to deduce analogous statements for the earthquake flow.

Following the recent resurgence of capitalism as a key subject in historical analysis, historians have highlighted the globally interconnected making and remaking of capitalism. Commodity-centered histories in global history have shown how to write locally grounded histories of global capitalism, emphasizing the complex and contingent relationship between the local and the global. In these accounts, however, businesses and global firms rarely appear as the analytical centerpiece. We argue that the globally active firm provides an ideal prism for writing locally grounded histories of global capitalism. Furthermore, drawing on recent usages of assemblage theory in economic history, we propose viewing “the global firm” as a “capitalist assemblage” in order to capture the spatiotemporally contingent processes through which capitalism and distinct ways of organizing business, labor, and life under capitalism emerged and evolved at specific sites and times. This approach will contribute to global studies and address limitations in business history’s treatment of the global firm.