What are the long-term legacies of authoritarian repression on civil society? While much research has focused on high-intensity repression, we examine the more pervasive, low-intensity repression characteristic of many authoritarian regimes. We argue that repression’s effects vary by generation, reducing civic engagement among those who came of age during the authoritarian period but not among younger generations who either only lived their childhood under the regime or were children and grew up under democracy. Using data from around 140,000 individual surveys conducted between 1989 and 2017, we find that cohorts who reached adulthood during the Franco regime consistently exhibit lower civic engagement than those who came of age in democratic Spain. We show evidence consistent with the main results from complementary analyses using local-level data on repression. These findings contribute to the literature on authoritarian legacies, emphasizing the generational and contextual variability of their effects on civil society.

The global climate is changing, characterized by rising temperatures (projected to increase by 1.5–2 C by the end of the century) and elevated atmospheric CO2 levels (>410 ppm), which are recognized as the primary drivers of climate change. These changes significantly affect multiple aspects of weed biology, including seed germination, seedbank dynamics, photosynthesis, root growth, phenology, and biomass production, often enhancing weed growth and competitive ability by 60–90% under elevated temperature and CO2 conditions. Climate change not only modifies the biological traits of weeds but also influences the effectiveness of current management practices, including herbicide application, potentially increasing herbicide resistance. In this context, smart agriculture and artificial intelligence–based technologies offer promising tools for precise weed identification, monitoring of distribution patterns, and prediction of weed dynamics, thereby optimizing management strategies, reducing herbicide use, and improving control efficiency. Understanding climate-induced biological changes in weeds and integrating advanced technologies into management approaches are crucial for mitigating ecological threats and ensuring the sustainability of agricultural production.

Widespread evolution of glyphosate resistance among kochia populations is a serious challenge for growers across the North American Great Plains. Dicamba has historically been used to control glyphosate-resistant (Gly-R) kochia. However, the increasing spread of dicamba-resistant kochia and current restrictions on dicamba use (low volatile formulations) warrant alternative herbicide options to control Gly-R kochia. In this context, field-based dose response experiments were conducted in fallow at Kansas State University Agricultural Research Center, Hays, KS, during 2021 and 2022 to determine and compare the effectiveness of 2,4-D, dicamba, and dichlorprop-p applied alone, and in a premixture of 2,4-D/dicamba/dichlorprop-p for controlling Gly-R kochia. Averaged across two years, results indicated that substantially lower doses of 2,4-D, dicamba, and dichlorprop-p were required in a premixture to achieve effective control of Gly-R kochia compared with their standalone applications. Specifically, the ED90 values for Gly-R kochia control were reduced by 90-, 4-, and 6-times for 2,4-D, dicamba, and dichlorprop-p, respectively, when applied as a premixture. Similarly, achieving 90% biomass reduction required approximately 1021-, 3-, and 4-times lower doses of 2,4-D, dicamba, and dichlorprop-p, respectively, in the premixture than when applied alone. Altogether, these results demonstrated that the premixture of 2,4-D/dicamba/dichlorprop-p can be an effective alternative for managing Gly-R kochia in fallow. The reduced dose requirements in a premixture also suggested potential benefits for resistance management, cost efficiency, and environmental stewardship.

Building on Cramer’s (2016) foundational work on rural consciousness, we measure place consciousness in Canada as a unified construct capturing both in-group place identification and out-group place resentment. Using data from a large-scale Canadian survey, we then examine how place consciousness relates to federal voting behaviour across a novel typology of six urban, suburban, and rural place types. We find that place consciousness is strongest on the ends of the urban-rural continuum; in low- and high-income rural places, and in core urban contexts with large shares of knowledge economy workers. Strong place consciousness relates to Conservative voting in the former places, and Liberal voting in the latter. Place consciousness is weaker in suburban and working-class urban places, and less systematically related to voting behaviour. By examining place consciousness across place types, our findings reveal the nuanced ways in which place identity and resentment shape vote choice across Canada’s urban–rural cleavage.

This work investigates the dynamics of positive classical solutions to a diffusive susceptible-exposed-infected-recovered-susceptible epidemic model with a mass-action incidence mechanism in spatially heterogeneous environments. Under minimal assumptions on the initial data, the global existence of classical solutions is established. Moreover, the eventual boundedness of these solutions is proved when either the spatial domain has dimension five or lower or the susceptible and exposed subpopulations share the same diffusion rate. Next, we define the basic reproduction number, $\mathcal{R}_0$, and demonstrate that the disease-free equilibrium is globally stable when $\mathcal{R}_0$ is sufficiently small. However, due to the complex interaction between population movement and spatial variation in transmission rates, we find that the disease may persist even when $\mathcal{R}_0$ is slightly less than one. In such cases, we show that the system admits at least two endemic equilibrium (EE) solutions, an outcome not observed under the frequency-dependent incidence mechanism. These results highlight the significant influence of the transmission mechanism on disease dynamics. Furthermore, we examine the spatial profiles of the EE solutions when diffusion rates are small. Our analysis suggests that limiting the movement of the susceptible population can significantly reduce disease prevalence, provided that the total population remains below a specific threshold. In contrast, restricting the movement of the infected, exposed, or recovered populations alone may not eradicate the disease. Overall, our findings provide important insights into the spatial dynamics of infectious diseases and may offer guidance for developing and implementing effective containment strategies.

While research on oppression has focused on the various ways in which oppressed or marginalized individuals are disadvantaged, standpoint epistemologists have long been arguing that the standpoints achieved from oppressed social locations can provide the marginalized with an epistemic advantage. While in themselves laudable, we venture, discussions of the advantage thesis tend to continue a tradition in mainstream epistemology that undermines the crucial role affectivity plays in disclosing facts about the world by framing the debate in purely epistemic terms. Bringing standpoint theory into conversation with contemporary philosophy of emotions, we argue, allows us to recognize the epistemic value of emotions and to see that some knowledge the marginalized can gain about the workings of oppression while cultivating their standpoint is at root fundamentally and irreducibly affective. This lends not only more credibility to the advantage thesis in general, but it also allows to arbitrate between two different readings of this thesis that are currently a matter of controversy: marginalized standpoints afford knowledge that is, due to its fundamentally affective nature, not just easier for the marginalized than the dominant to obtain, but in principle inaccessible to the dominant.

Kim’s book is rich with thought-provoking ideas that are relevant to contemporary societies. I focus on its discussion of the “pluralism dilemma” and Kim’s appeal to “public reason Confucianism” as a response. The pluralism dilemma is the dilemma that a Confucian democratic theory has to meet both “the pluralist demand” and “the Confucian demand” (70). While the “Confucian” part of the theory is supposed to prefer Confucian doctrines over other doctrines, the “democratic” part is supposed to “accommodate as many reasonable conceptions of the good and comprehensive doctrines as possible” (70). What is original about Kim’s theory is that it seeks to accommodate both.

The Covid-19 pandemic has negatively affected labour markets, among other aspects of life. This study examines the impact of the discouraged worker effect during the pandemic, focusing on the Turkish labour market from 2018 to 2021. Although few studies exist on this topic, they rely on labour force participation rates, whereas our dataset includes direct questions and data specifically related to the discouraged worker effect, allowing for a microeconomic analysis. Probit regression results show that the discouraged worker effect was stronger during the pandemic, with job seekers being 1.6% more likely to become discouraged than before. Higher education levels generally reduce this likelihood, both before and during the pandemic. While age negatively correlates with discouragement, this effect diminishes with increasing age. Single women were more adversely affected than single men and married women than married men. Higher unemployment rates increase discouragement, as expected, while an increase in the unemployment rate has a greater effect on individuals during the pandemic period. Findings suggest that the pandemic had a disproportionate impact on certain individuals, particularly with respect to education level and gender, while Türkiye’s societal structure may help explain the observed gender-based differences.

Italian ryegrass [Lolium perenne L. ssp. multiflorum (Lam.) Husnot] is one of the most common and malignant weeds that seriously affects wheat yield. Investigating its germination ecology and competitive dynamics with wheat is essential for predicting its potential invasion areas and developing effective management strategies. This study evaluated the effects of key environmental factors (pH, temperature, light, salinity, osmotic stress, and burial depth) on the seed germination and emergence of L. perenne ssp. multiflorum, and further quantified the impact of varying weed densities on wheat yield. The results showed that L. perenne ssp. multiflorum exhibits broad adaptability to environmental conditions. Optimal germination (70% to 86%) occurred at constant temperatures of 10 to 25 C. High germination rates (84% to 98%) were sustained across a wide pH range (4 to 10). Germination remained above 50% at osmotic potentials as low as -0.7 MPa. The germination rate of L. perenne ssp. multiflorum decreases with the increase in salt concentration, and was completely inhibited at 300 mM NaCl. Emergence was highest (92%) at 2 cm burial depth, remained above 80% from 0.5 to 6 cm, declined sharply beyond 10 cm, and was negligible at 14 cm. Field experiments demonstrated a density-dependent reduction in wheat yield by competition from L. perenne ssp. multiflorum, primarily through decreased wheat spike density and grains per spike, thereby reducing yield. Increasing wheat sowing density from 67.5 to 202.5 kg ha-1 could significantly mitigate these losses. These findings provide critical insights into the ecological adaptability of L. perenne ssp. multiflorum and its potential impact on agricultural systems, which can inform integrated weed management strategies.

Parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) is rapidly invading southern Oman, posing growing challenges to agricultural productivity and rural livelihoods in Dhofar’s crop–livestock systems. This study assesses its agronomic and socioeconomic impacts using field surveys and a stratified household survey of 40 farms conducted between June and August 2022. Data was analysed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) to examine the relationships between farmer characteristics, infestation levels, weed management practices, and farm revenue. Results indicate that while most farmers are aware of P. hysterophorus, limited recognition at early growth stages delays control and increases management costs. Education (β = 1.009, p = 0.06), cultivated area (β = 1.033, p = 0.003), and chemical control expenditures (β = 0.295, p = 0.05) were positively associated with gross revenue, whereas age had a negative effect (β = −0.762, p = 0.08). Infestation significantly increased labour-intensive weeding costs (β = 2.072, p = 0.07) but reduced chemical use (β = −1.303, p = 0.032), indicating substitution toward manual control. Although time spent uprooting reduced infestation levels (β = −0.128, p = 0.001), it also increased weeding and chemical control costs, highlighting the financial burden of relying on manual methods. Crop-specific analysis showed heterogeneous vulnerability, with peas more affected than wheat and tomato. Overall, the findings demonstrate that P. hysterophorus imposes measurable income and welfare risks on farming households. These impacts can be mitigated through farmer education, early detection, and judicious chemical use within an integrated weed management framework. Strengthening extension services and promoting crop-specific interventions are essential for protecting rural livelihoods and food security in arid, invasion-prone farming systems.

Whilst universities have long needed to balance competing demands, the situation seems to have been exacerbated in recent years, particularly in relation to funding, digital disruption and political interference. This article explores implications for the recruitment and development of higher-education leaders. Building on the concept of the ‘leadership pipeline’ we consider the passages that must be navigated on the way to becoming an effective academic leader, alongside associated (often competing) logics and identities. Through vignettes from an empirical study in a Danish university we illustrate the complexities of leadership transitions, leadership disconnections and logic misalignment in educational leadership. The discussion presents an ecosystems model that shows the interdependencies and interconnections between core functions of higher education and the internal and external context. The article concludes by considering implications for leadership recruitment and development, with a particular focus on identity work(spaces) and the need to embrace multiple logics. Through such interventions, it is suggested, it may be possible to foster the required levels of inclusion, collaboration and resilience in higher-education leadership to navigate the challenging path(s) ahead.