Yogurt acid whey (YAW) contains significant amounts of calcium as well as small amounts of protein, thus the idea of its reintroduction, especially of its calcium content, to the food chain is attractive. Calcium in milk is mainly complexed with casein micelles, whereas YAW contains only small amounts of protein, with no caseins at all, differing substantially from milk in the form in which calcium occurs. Therefore, the objective of the present research paper was to evaluate whether calcium bioavailability differs between YAW and milk. Following the INFOGEST protocol for simulated digestion and by coupling it with the Caco-2 model for intestinal absorption, calcium in YAW had higher bioaccessibility than calcium in milk. However, there were no differences in calcium transport by the intestinal cells and the transcription level of calcium absorption-related genes (VDR, TRPV6, S100G and PMCA1). Lastly, there were no differences in calcium bioaccessibility and the transcription of the calcium absorption-related genes between YAW samples of bovine, ovine or caprine origin obtained from Greek dairy products enterprises. In conclusion, despite the major differences in the protein profile between YAW and milk, there were no differences in calcium transport by the cells, but YAW was associated with higher calcium bioaccessibility, which ultimately may result in higher amount of absorbed calcium.

Let $K^r_n$ be the complete $r$-uniform hypergraph on $n$ vertices, that is, the hypergraph whose vertex set is $[n] \, :\! = \{1,2,\ldots ,n\}$ and whose edge set is $\binom {[n]}{r}$. We form $G^r(n,p)$ by retaining each edge of $K^r_n$ independently with probability $p$. An $r$-uniform hypergraph $H\subseteq G$ is $F$-saturated if $H$ does not contain any copy of $F$, but any missing edge of $H$ in $G$ creates a copy of $F$. Furthermore, we say that $H$ is weakly $F$-saturated in $G$ if $H$ does not contain any copy of $F$, but the missing edges of $H$ in $G$ can be added back one-by-one, in some order, such that every edge creates a new copy of $F$. The smallest number of edges in an $F$-saturated hypergraph in $G$ is denoted by ${\textit {sat}}(G,F)$, and in a weakly $F$-saturated hypergraph in $G$ by $\mathop {\mbox{$w$-${sat}$}}\! (G,F)$. In 2017, Korándi and Sudakov initiated the study of saturation in random graphs, showing that for constant $p$, with high probability ${\textit {sat}}(G(n,p),K_s)=(1+o(1))n\log _{\frac {1}{1-p}}n$, and $\mathop {\mbox{$w$-${sat}$}}\! (G(n,p),K_s)=\mathop {\mbox{$w$-${sat}$}}\! (K_n,K_s)$. Generalising their results, in this paper, we solve the saturation problem for random hypergraphs $G^r(n,p)$ for cliques $K_s^r$, for every $2\le r \lt s$ and constant $p$.

The idea of a ‘late colonial state’ has been surprisingly durable. It is also the case that the meaning and significance of decolonisation – indeed our understanding of when it took place and how long it lasted – has been widened and deepened. We no longer tend to think of it as a purely political let alone constitutional event, but as a much broader shift in the relations between the ‘colonial world’ and its (former) masters and as having many more dimensions: economic, cultural, demographic among them. Needless to say, we are no closer to an agreed explanation than we were twenty-five or fifty years ago: the primacy of nationalist resistance, or of metropolitan politics or of geopolitical change still have their adherents even if it was the ricochet effect of all three on each other that offers the most plausible analysis. However, regardless of which account is favoured it seems clear that the nature of the ‘end game’ of the colonial state is the best place in which to search for answers. The late colonial state still has work to do.

Monolingual children tend to assume that a word labels only one object, and this mutual exclusivity supports referent selection and retention of novel words. Bilingual children accept two labels for an object (lexical overlap) for referent selection more than monolingual children, but in these previous studies, information about speakers’ language backgrounds was minimal. We investigated monolingual and bilingual 4-year-old children’s ability to apply mutual exclusivity and lexical overlap flexibly when objects were labelled either by one or two speakers with the same or different language backgrounds. We tested referent selection and retention of word–object mappings. Both language groups performed similarly for mutual exclusivity, were more likely to accept lexical overlap in the two-language than one-language condition, and performance was similar for referent selection and later retention. Monolingual and bilingual children can adapt their word-learning strategies to cope with the demands of different linguistic contexts.

Gold-silver telluride deposits in central Montana contain > 400 t Au and are spatially and genetically related to major faults in the Great Falls Tectonic Zone (GFTZ) and the Lewis and Clark Line. They are also related to alkaline igneous intrusive rocks, including monzonites, syenites, diorites, tinguaites, dacites, lamprophyres, and trachytes. Deposit styles include bonanza veins, carbonate replacement at igneous-carbonate contacts, breccia pipe-hosted, and structurally controlled igneous-hosted. Ore-related breccias are a common feature. The ore mineralogy is complex, and locally contains native gold/electrum, Au-Ag tellurides (calaverite, sylvanite, krennerite, petzite, empressite, stützite, and hessite), Bi-tellurides (tetradymite, tellurobismuthite), Bi sulphosalts, and rare precious-metal sulphotellurides. Alteration related to ore-stage fluids is localised primarily adjacent to veins and characterised by silicification, fluoritisation, adularia-sericite, and roscoelite±clays. Fluid inclusion studies suggest that gold telluride ores were deposited from low-temperature (130o–270 oC), moderately saline (1–12 equiv. wt % NaCl), locally boiling, CO2-poor, near neutral, relatively oxidising fluids. Oxygen and hydrogen isotope studies support the concept that the deposits formed from a continuum between magmatic and meteoric fluids, whereas sulphur isotope compositions of sulphides suggest a magmatic sulphur source or sulphur that was leached from sulphides in volcaniclastic and clastic sedimentary rocks. Lead isotope compositions are permissive of a crustal source with a contribution from Palaeozoic or Proterozoic sedimentary rocks hosting the alkalic igneous rocks. Porphyry molybdenum and Carlin-like Au-Te deposits are also genetically related to the GFTZ and Lewis and Clark Line and represent end-members that form a continuum with epithermal gold-silver telluride deposits.

Given a finite abelian group $G$ and $t\in \mathbb{N}$, there are two natural types of subsets of the Cartesian power $G^t$; namely, Cartesian powers $S^t$ where $S$ is a subset of $G$ and (cosets of) subgroups $H$ of $G^t$. A basic question is whether two such sets intersect. In this paper, we show that this decision problem is NP-complete. Furthermore, for fixed $G$ and $S$, we give a complete classification: we determine conditions for when the problem is NP-complete and show that in all other cases the problem is solvable in polynomial time. These theorems play a key role in the classification of algebraic decision problems in finitely generated rings developed in later work of the author.