We investigate how Mandarin-speaking children categorize novel intransitive verbs as unergative and unaccusative using distributional information in language input. Using a Word2vec model, we examined whether distributional cues in sentences influence the categorization of novel verbs. Our results indicated that the distributional representations of novel verbs in some sentence types exhibited closer similarities to real unergatives, and the others closer to real unaccusatives, showing a distinct effect of distributional cues on verb categorization. Subsequently, we examined children’s sensitivity to the distributional information in a few sentence types. The results demonstrated that distributional cues in these sentence types were useful for children to categorize novel verbs, since the categorization linked to verb meanings was reinforced by sentence types in which novel verbs occur. These findings may explain atypical behaviours of some Mandarin formal and double-syllable verbs that previous theoretical frameworks have found challenging to explain.

The Fontan circulation is defined by unique physiological constraints that limit preload, elevate systemic venous pressure, and reduce the capacity to compensate for stress or injury. Traditional paradigms for managing biventricular heart failure are often misaligned with the pathophysiology of this preload-limited, non-pulsatile system. In this editorial, we propose a conceptual reframing of medical therapy in the Fontan circulation, centred on preserving physiological reserve and long-term durability rather than reversing established failure. We introduce a serial constraints model that emphasises the interconnected roles of the pulmonary vascular bed, ventricular filling, systemic output, venous and lymphatic function, and end-organ tolerance. As limitations shift over time, therapeutic focus must also evolve from pulmonary vasodilation in early stages to addressing ventricular dysfunction, venous congestion, and fibrosis later in the trajectory. We review emerging applications of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and exercise within this framework, while cautioning against routine use of conventional renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibition or beta-blockers in the absence of clear comorbid indications. Antithrombotic strategies remain important due to a persistent thrombo-inflammatory milieu. We advocate for a shift from reactive to trajectory-preserving therapy, targeting flow under stress, organ protection, and reserve conservation. This physiology-aligned, evidence-informed approach provides a rationale for earlier intervention and testable hypotheses for future Fontan-specific trials.

We compute a Hirzebruch-Riemann-Roch type formula for the invariant Riemann-Roch number of a quantizable Hamiltonian $S^1$-manifold $(M,\omega ,{ \mathcal J})$, allowing $0$ to be a singular value of the moment map ${ \mathcal J}:M\to {\mathbb R}$. Our formula represents an instance of the Guillemin-Sternberg principle, which states that quantization should commute with reduction. The conceptual novelty of our result is that the involved reduced system only depends on the symplectic data of M. To establish this, we derive a complete singular stationary phase expansion of the Witten integral without appealing to any kind of desingularization. As a consequence, our formula expresses the invariant Riemann-Roch number purely in terms of symplectic invariants of the singular symplectic quotient. In particular, it involves a new explicit symplectic invariant of the singularities.

Functional logic languages are a high-level approach to programming by combining the most important declarative features. They abstract from small-step operational details so that programmers can concentrate on the logical aspects of an application. This is supported by appropriate evaluation strategies. Demand-driven evaluation from functional programming is amalgamated with non-determinism from logic programming so that solutions or values are computed whenever they exist. This frees the programmer from considering the influence of an operational strategy on the success of a computation, but it is a challenge to the language implementer. A non-deterministic demand-driven strategy might duplicate unevaluated choices of an expression, which could duplicate the computational effort. In recent implementations, this problem has been tackled by adding a kind of memoization of non-deterministic choices to the expression under evaluation. Since this has been implemented in imperative target languages, it was unclear whether this could also be supported in a functional programming environment like Haskell. This paper presents a solution to this challenge by transforming functional logic programs into a monadic representation. Although this transformation is not new, we present an implementation of the monadic interface which supports memoization in non-deterministic branches. Additionally, we include more advanced features of functional logic languages, namely functional patterns and encapsulated search, in our approach. By optimizing our implementation for purely functional computations with both a static and dynamic approach, we are able to achieve a promising performance that outperforms current compilers for Curry.

This article argues that concepts of time are central to how armed forces imagine and pursue victory, functioning as both an ordering principle and an instrumental resource. Here, the article advances the concept of a ‘martial theory of mind’ to explain how armed forces seek to instrumentally manipulate the ordering properties of time to produce spatial and technological advantages, rooted in socio-technical imaginaries of both their own and their adversaries’ behaviour. However, technological change has frequently altered the relationship between time and space in warfare, necessitating constant alteration to prevailing military doctrines as armies update their ‘martial theory of mind’. The article then applies this theoretical lens to analyse the potential collapse of contemporary doctrines of manoeuvre warfare, highlighting how technological diffusion has undermined the relationship between time and space in the martial theory of mind underpinning their operation. It concludes by articulating a series of potential avenues by which Western armies might seek to address this growing imbalance.

This study investigated the effects of essential oils (EOs) from rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) and Shirazi thyme (Zataria multiflora Boiss.) on the early growth and physiological characteristics of three weed species: Amaranthus retroflexus L., Chenopodium album L., and Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. conducted at Razi University. the experiment utilized a factorial design with varying concentrations of EOs in laboratory (0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20 µL mL⁻¹) and greenhouse (5, 10, and 20 µL mL⁻¹) settings. Control treatments included distilled water, distilled water + Tween 20 (1%), and trifluralin and glyphosate. GC-MS analysis revealed 15 major compounds in rosemary EO and 23 in Shirazi thyme EO. A significant inhibition of plumule and radicle lengths was reported across all species. In greenhouse trials, Shirazi thyme EO at 10 and 20 µL mL⁻¹ reduced stem length by up to 75.2% and 74.5% in A. retroflexus, surpassing reductions caused by rosemary EO (57.2% at 20 µL mL⁻¹) and glyphosate (65.2%). Root length reductions were most pronounced with Shirazi thyme EO, reaching up to 83.9% inhibition in A. retroflexus at 10 µL mL⁻¹, exceeding effects of rosemary EO and glyphosate. Shirazi thyme EO causing up to 54.4% reduction in stem dry weight of C. arvense and 82.7% reduction in root dry weight of A. retroflexus. Leaf greenness, photosynthetic efficiency, and maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII) also decreased markedly with increasing EO concentrations, particularly under Shirazi thyme EO, which in some cases completely abolished photosynthetic efficiency, outperforming glyphosate.

Wingleaf primrose-willow [Ludwigia decurrens Walter] is a pervasive rice (Oryza sativa L.) weed native or naturalized to South America, the Caribbean, and the southeastern United States. While it was first noted in California in 2011 and provided with the highest pest rating “A” by the California Department of Food and Agriculture, enforcing eradication or quarantine was relatively disregarded, and it did not appear to spread significantly past its initial infestation area. Here, we report the spread within four counties (Butte, Placer, Shasta, and Tehama) of California, for which it has been found up to 184 km away from the initial infestation, and the expansion of the initial infestation within Butte County. As L. decurrens is already a problematic rice weed in parts of Asia, Africa, India, and the United States, monitoring new infestations is pivotal to prevent negative economic and environmental consequences to California and the United States.

Martin-Löf’s identity types provide a generic (albeit opaque) notion of identification or “equality” between any two elements of the same type, embodied in a canonical reflexive graph structure $(=_A, \mathbf{refl})$ on any type A. The miracle of Voevodsky’s univalence principle is that it ensures, for essentially any naturally occurring structure in mathematics, that the resultant notion of identification is equivalent to the type of isomorphisms in the category of such structures. Characterisations of this kind are not automatic and must be established one-by-one; to this end, several authors have employed reflexive graphs and displayed reflexive graphs to organise the characterisation of identity types. We contribute reflexive graph lenses, a new family of intermediate abstractions lying between families of reflexive graphs and displayed reflexive graphs that simplifies the characterisation of identity types for complex structures. Every reflexive graph lens gives rise to a (more complicated) displayed reflexive graph, and our experience suggests that many naturally occurring displayed reflexive graphs arise in this way. Evidence for the utility of reflexive graph lenses is given by means of several case studies, including the theory of reflexive graphs itself as well as that of polynomial type operators. Finally, we exhibit an equivalence between the type of reflexive graph fibrations and the type of univalent reflexive graph lenses.

This paper analyzes the structure of Noun Phrases with repeater classifiers (i.e., numeral classifiers that are only used with the single noun they are form-identical with). I show that a previous attempt to account for repeaters in terms of syntactic head movement encounters both empirical and theoretical problems. I suggest that repeaters emerge in the post-syntactic component, via a melody copying operation, which I characterize as a type of syntactic reduplication.

Gauging the extent of public acceptability of reforms is an important concern for policymakers. Timely insights into public perceptions can illuminate how reforms are received and how attitudes evolve over time. In this study, we build on the OECD’s Public Acceptability Tool, a framework encompassing four key dimensions of reform acceptability—Economic, Fairness, Behavioural, and Process—to evaluate the public acceptability of policy reforms. We take the 2023 French pension reform as a relevant case study, using online media articles and parliamentary speeches as indicators of discourse surrounding the reform. Using word embeddings, we classify these texts according to the four dimensions and apply matrix factorisation topic algorithms to uncover the latent themes within each. Our analysis shows that the Process dimension dominated media coverage during the discussion and legislative phases of the reform, consistent with previous literature on pension reforms. In contrast, no particular dimension was predominant in parliamentary speeches, suggesting a mismatch between policy and public debates. Finally, we identify the main topics driving public discussion within each dimension, highlighting notable differences between media narratives and parliamentary discourse that offer further insight into the dynamics of public acceptability.