The accumulation area ratio (AAR) of a glacier reflects its current state of equilibrium, or disequilibrium, with climate and its vulnerability to future climate change. Here, we present an inventory of glacier-specific annual accumulation areas and equilibrium line altitudes (ELAs) for over 3000 glaciers in Alaska and northwest Canada (88% of the regional glacier area) from 2018 to 2022 derived from Sentinel-2 imagery. We find that the 5 year average AAR of the entire study area is 0.41, with an inter-annual range of 0.25–0.49. More than 1000 glaciers, representing 8% of the investigated glacier area, were found to have effectively no accumulation area. Summer temperature and winter precipitation from ERA5-Land explained nearly 50% of the inter-annual ELA variability across the entire study region (${R}^2=0.47$). An analysis of future climate scenarios (SSP2-4.5) projects that ELAs will rise by ∼170 m on average by the end of the 21st century. Such changes would result in a loss of 25% of the modern accumulation area, leaving a total of 1900 glaciers (22% of the investigated area) with no accumulation area. These results highlight the current state of glacier disequilibrium with modern climate, as well as glacier vulnerability to projected future warming.

Macroscopically, a Darcian unsaturated moisture flow in the top soil is usually represented by an one-dimensional volume scale of evaporation from a static water table. On the microscale, simple pore-level models posit bundles of small-radius capillary tubes of a constant circular cross-section, fully occupied by mobile water moving in the Hagen–Poiseuille (HP) regime, while large-diameter pores are occupied by stagnant air. In our paper, cross-sections of cylindrical pores are polygonal. Steady, laminar, fully developed two-dimensional flows of Newtonian water in prismatic conduits, driven by a constant pressure gradient along a pore gradient, are more complex than the HP formula; this is based on the fact that the pores are only partially occupied by water and immobile air. The Poisson equation in a circular tetragon, with no-slip or mixed (no-shear-stress) boundary conditions on the two adjacent pore walls and two menisci, is solved by the methods of complex analysis. The velocity distribution is obtained via the Keldysh–Sedov type of singular integrals, and the flow rate is evaluated for several sets of meniscus radii by integrating the velocity over the corresponding tetragons.

Poison pills are among the most powerful antitakeover provisions, but studying their economic impact is challenging because of the obvious endogeneity concerns. We address the problem by studying U.S. states’ staggered adoption of poison pill laws (PPLs), which strengthen the right to adopt a pill (i.e., the shadow pill) and increase the validity of visible pills. We document that PPLs make visible pill policy aligned with economic incentives, increasing pill adoption among firms with a high likelihood of takeover, but decreasing it among firms with low takeover likelihood. We also document that PPLs positively impact firm value, especially for innovative firms with more intangible assets.

The 1677 invasion of Ukraine got the Ottoman Empire embroiled in war with Russia. Scholarship on the 1683 siege of Vienna rarely mentions the Ukrainian campaign although it significantly weakened Ottoman military capacities and may have saved Vienna. This article examines how the Porte’s decision to invade Ukraine came about. The sultan’s grandiose imperial visions and false intelligence of Russian military strength were key factors. Easy victory was expected and the original plan to seize Hungary and Vienna was not given up. Only a catastrophic defeat by the Russians in August 1677 challenged the Porte’s strategic priorities. But Kara Mustafa did not give up his preference for a Hungarian campaign. He promised the Hungarians that the Ottoman army would join the ongoing anti-Habsburg rebellion in spring 1678. Meanwhile he allowed them to attack the Habsburgs with French and Polish support. The analysis draws on German, French, Hungarian, Ukrainian, Russian, and Polish sources; they reveal that the invasion of Ukraine was not planned in advance and greatly contested among Ottoman leaders. The Habsburgs understood the geopolitical significance of the Ukrainian campaign but could not breathe a sigh of relief before the sultan finally declared war against Russia in April 1678.

With development understood as improving change, and working at the macroscale or species level, I sketch the conceptual background for a new, developmental form of scepticism. Then I use developmental scepticism to critique a proposition that functions as a presupposition of the popular contemporary rejection of unconventional metaphysical propositions (MUPs) and specifically of panpsychism: namely, that we have experienced enough relevant development as a species to make it reasonable for the community of enquiry to treat such ideas as obviously false. Finally, I briefly suggest a possible step beyond developmental scepticism toward a more general orientation in enquiry which might naturally follow such scepticism once its motivating ideas are absorbed.

This article makes use of nearly 25,000 observations representing over 95,000 paid workdays across over 300 years to investigate individual work patterns, work availability, and the changes in work seasonality over time. This sample is comprised of workers in the construction industry, and includes unskilled men and women as well as skilled building craftsmen – the industry that is often used to estimate comparative real wages through early modern Europe. Data come predominantly from Scania, the southernmost region in modern day Sweden, and especially from Malmö, the largest town in the region.

Findings indicate that workers probably do not engage in paid labour on a purely labour-supply-based schedule, but are strongly impacted by the demand for construction labour, which was highly seasonal and impacted by local labour institutions. Seasonality was stronger further back in the past, indicating that finding long-term work may have been more difficult in earlier periods. A typical work year could probably not have been longer than 150 days, and would be made up of shorter work spells at several different sites. This is not enough work to meet standard assumptions of 250 days, or enough work for an unskilled man to support his family at a respectable level. Individual workers rarely worked more than a handful of days in a year on a construction site, even when labour demand was high, indicating that they did not maximize their income from waged labour.

The present study describes a new Mediterranean terebellid, Spinosphaera latachaeta sp. nov., found along the Aegean coast of Türkiye and the Sea of Marmara, between 27 and 80 m depth in soft substrata. It can be morphologically distinguished from all other species of Spinosphaera having 18 pairs of notopodia, double rows of uncini present until the last notopodia, and 11 pairs of Spinosphaera-chaetae. A dichotomous taxonomic key and a table summarizing the morphological characters that distinguish all species of Spinosphaera are provided. This study also reports, for the first time, the transformations of Spinosphaera-chaetae and saw-like chaetae from the anterior to posterior segments of body.

ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:628B1F01-166A-4E26-9C42-39D0CBFDE998.

Mamyshev oscillators (MOs) demonstrate extraordinarily superior performance compared with fiber laser counterparts. However, the realization of a fully fiberized, monolithic laser system without pulse degradation remains a key challenge. Here we present a high-energy MO using large mode area Yb-doped fiber and fiber-integrable interferometric super-Gaussian spectral filters that directly generates a nearly diffraction-limited beam with approximately 9.84 W average power and 533 nJ pulse energy. By implementing pre-chirp management with anti-resonant hollow-core fiber (AR-HCF), the adverse effects of super-Gaussian filtering on pulse quality are effectively mitigated, enabling pulse compression to 1.23 times the transform limit. Furthermore, AR-HCF is employed to provide negative dispersion to compensate for the positive chirp of output pulses, resulting in approximately 37 fs de-chirped pulses with approximately 10 MW peak power. This approach represents a significant step toward the development of monolithic fiber lasers capable of generating and flexible delivery of sub-50-fs pulses with tens of megawatts peak power.

While a large body of literature explores how international wine trade correlates with country, market and national industry characteristics, research at firm level on the choice to export (export propensity) and on the importance of exports on production or sales (export intensity) remains scarce. More importantly, a review of the literature reveals inconsistent results across the different studies regarding the variables correlated with export choices. No such analysis was conducted in Italy. Based on a survey of 180 wine firms in Piedmont (Italy), we estimate the variables correlated to export propensity and intensity. Our findings indicate that the most relevant factors include belonging to a wine producer cluster, wine quality and the firm’s legal status. Other variables are analyzed, confirming the divergent findings in the literature. We conclude that local and individual characteristics play an important role in these decisions.

High rates of trauma exposure among patients with severe mental illness (SMI) in Botswana highlight the need for appropriate interventions. Culturally adapted interventions have been reported to be more acceptable, effective and feasible. This study aimed to culturally adapt the Brief Relaxation, Education and Trauma Healing (BREATHE), a brief psychological intervention to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among people with SMI in Botswana. The cultural adaptation process followed the steps outlined by previous research. They included a community assessment to identify needs, selecting an appropriate intervention and consultations with experts and stakeholders. Individual interviews and focus groups were conducted with patients living with SMI and mental health professionals, respectively, to inform domains of the intervention to be adapted. BREATHE was adapted to be culturally congruent to Botswana by following the ecological validity model framework and using data from the interviews. Examples of the adaptation include language that was translated to Setswana, and spoken English and the content that was revised to reflect the traumatic experiences and demographics of the Botswana population. The study underscores the utility of using evidence-based frameworks to culturally adapt interventions. The adaptation process resulted in a culturally relevant BREATHE for patients with comorbid PTSD and SMI in Botswana.

In its Macro Case 01, the Colombian Special Jurisdiction for Peace (Jurisdicción Especial para la Paz, JEP) studied massive detentions committed by the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia – People's Army (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia – Ejército del Pueblo, FARC-EP) to determine if they should be remanded to amnesty proceedings or tried as international crimes. This included the question of detention of civilians and persons hors de combat for an eventual “humanitarian exchange” with imprisoned guerrilla fighters. The JEP concluded that this was in fact the crime of hostage-taking, because the sole reason for the detention was to force a “prisoner exchange”, and conditions of detention were so harrowing that persistent detention amounted to a threat to the life and physical security of the hostages. While the JEP did not refer to conditions of lawful detention, the ruling does suggest circumstances of lawful detention by non-State armed groups and limits to their authority to detain.

In the wake of the recent resurgence of the Datalog language of databases, together with its extensions for ontological reasoning settings, this work aims to bridge the gap between the theoretical studies of DatalogMTL (Datalog extended with metric temporal logic) and the development of production-ready reasoning systems. In particular, we lay out the functional and architectural desiderata of a modern reasoner and propose our system, Temporal Vadalog. Leveraging the vast amount of experience from the database community, we go beyond the typical chase-based implementations of reasoners, and propose a set of novel techniques and a system that adopts a modern data pipeline architecture. We discuss crucial architectural choices, such as how to guarantee termination when infinitely many time intervals are possibly generated, how to merge intervals, and how to sustain a limited memory footprint. We discuss advanced features of the system, such as the support for time series, and present an extensive experimental evaluation. This paper is a substantially extended version of “The Temporal Vadalog System” as presented at RuleML+RR ’22.

Japanese stiltgrass is one of the most troublesome invasive weed species in the eastern United States. Strategies for controlling the weed in managed lawns are limited because most previous research was conducted in forest understories or on golf course natural areas. Eight field experiments were conducted in Virginia from 2014 to 2019 to evaluate the response of Kentucky bluegrass, tall fescue, and Japanese stiltgrass to selective herbicides traditionally marketed for use on cool-season turfgrass. Only treatments that contained mesotrione caused transient injury to tall fescue of 15% to 25% at 2 wk after treatment (WAT). When fenoxaprop was applied at a rate of 35 g ha−1 or higher, at 8 WAT Japanese stiltgrass was controlled by ≥90%, relative cover was reduced to <15% compared with a nontreated control, and shoot density was reduced to ≤6 shoots m−2. Sequential applications of topramezone at 27 g ha−1 at 3-wk intervals, or a single application of topramezone at 54 g ha−1 alone or with triclopyr, resulted in ≥80% control of Japanese stiltgrass and a reduction in relative weed cover and shoot density to ≤22% and <35 shoots m−2, respectively. Fenoxaprop applied at 0.25× of the labeled rate and herbicide combinations that contained topramezone selectively controlled Japanese stiltgrass without injuring tall fescue. Fluazifop applied at 53 g ha− 1 resulted in 25% injury to Kentucky bluegrass and digitally assessed turf cover was reduced by 20% at 4 WAT, but turfgrass recovered by 6 WAT. Reduced rates of fluazifop provided 85% control of Japanese stiltgrass, and a reduction in weed shoot density to <20 shoots m−2, and relative cover to <20% at 8 WAT. Kentucky bluegrass did not appear to be injured with premixed applications of dicamba, fenoxaprop, and fluroxypyr, but Japanese stiltgrass was controlled by ≥92%, the relative weed cover was reduced to ≤7%, and shoot density was reduced to ≤5 shoots m−2 at 8 WAT. Our research provides herbicide options for turf managers for controlling Japanese stiltgrass in lawns of Kentucky bluegrass and tall fescue.

We study how professional fund managers’ growth expectations affect their equity investments and the consequent effects on prices. Using novel data on China’s mutual fund managers’ growth expectations, we show that pessimistic managers decrease equity allocations and shift away from more cyclical stocks. We identify a statistically significant link between managers’ growth expectations and returns on the stocks that they hold and trade. We also find that an earnings-based measure of price informativeness is increasing in forecasting managers’ investment and forecast-consistent trading, implying that active fund managers in China help move stock prices closer to underlying fundamentals.

Water hyacinth is a highly invasive aquatic species in the southern United States that requires intensive management through frequent herbicide applications. Quantifying management success in large-scale operations is challenging with traditional survey methods that rely on boat-based teams and can be time-consuming and labor-intensive. In contrast, an unmanned aerial system (UAS) allows a single operator to survey a waterbody more efficiently and rapidly, enhancing both coverage and data collection. Therefore, the objective of this research was to develop remote sensing techniques to assess herbicide efficacy for water hyacinth control in an outdoor mesocosm study. Experiments were conducted in spring and summer 2023 to compare and correlate data from visual evaluations of herbicide efficacy against nine vegetation indices (VIs) derived from UAS-based red-green-blue imagery. Penoxsulam, carfentrazone, diquat, 2,4-D, florpyrauxifen-benzyl, and glyphosate were applied at two rates, and experimental units were evaluated for 6 wk. The carotenoid reflectance index (CRI) had the highest Spearman’s correlation coefficient with visually evaluated efficacy for 2,4-D, diquat, and florpyrauxifen benzyl (> −0.77). The visible atmospherically resistance index (VARI) had the highest correlation with carfentrazone and penoxsulam treatments (> −0.70), and the excess greenness minus redness index had the highest correlation for glyphosate treatments (> −0.83). CRI had the highest correlation coefficient with the most herbicide treatments, and it was the only VI tested that did not include the red band. These VIs were satisfactory predictors of mid-range visually evaluated herbicide efficacy values but were poorly correlated with extremely low and high values, corresponding to nontreated and necrotic plants. Future research should focus on applying findings to real-world (nonexperimental) field conditions and testing imagery with spectral bands beyond the visible range.