Wall-resolved large-eddy simulations of flow over an axisymmetric body of revolution (DARPA SUBOFF bare model) at $ \it{Re}_L=1.1\times 10^6$ are performed to investigate wall pressure fluctuations under the combined effects of transverse curvature and varying pressure gradients. Due to the coexistence of convex and concave streamwise curvatures, the flow in the stern region features alternating zones of favourable and adverse pressure gradients (APGs). The simulation validates experimental findings by Balantrapu et al. (2023, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 960, A28), confirming that in APG-dominant axisymmetric boundary layers without streamwise curvatures, the root mean square wall pressure fluctuations ($p_{w,rms}$) decrease downstream alongside the wall shear stress ($\tau _w$), maintaining a constant ratio $p_{w,rms}/\tau _{w}$. This study further finds that when streamwise curvatures and strong streamwise pressure gradient variations present, this relationship breaks down, suggesting that $\tau _w$ is not the dominant contributor to wall pressure fluctuations. Instead, the local maximum Reynolds shear stress $-\rho \langle u_su_n\rangle _{max }$ emerges as a more robust pressure scaling parameter. Normalising the wall pressure spectra by $-\rho \langle u_su_n\rangle _{max }$ yields better collapse across the entire stern region compared to conventional inner or mixed scaling methods. The magnitude and location of $-\rho \langle u_su_n\rangle _{max }$ significantly influence the spectral levels of wall pressure fluctuations across different frequency bands. As the turbulence intensity and $-\rho \langle u_su_n\rangle _{max }$ shift away from the wall, outer-layer structures – with larger spatial and temporal scales – dominate the coherence of wall pressure fluctuations. This mechanism drives sustained attenuation of high-frequency pressure fluctuations and a simultaneous increase in both the streamwise and transverse correlation lengths of wall pressure fluctuations over the stern region.

Recent advancements in data science and artificial intelligence have significantly transformed plant sciences, particularly through the integration of image recognition and deep learning technologies. These innovations have profoundly impacted various aspects of plant research, including species identification, disease detection, cellular signaling analysis, and growth monitoring. This review summarizes the latest computational tools and methodologies used in these areas. We emphasize the importance of data acquisition and preprocessing, discussing techniques such as high-resolution imaging and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photography, along with image enhancement methods like cropping and scaling. Additionally, we review feature extraction techniques like colour histograms and texture analysis, which are essential for plant identification and health assessment. Finally, we discuss emerging trends, challenges, and future directions, offering insights into the applications of these technologies in advancing plant science research and practical implementations.

The purpose of this article is to explore the solutions of the following nonlinear partial differential equations:

\begin{equation*}\mathcal{P}_1(u)^2+\mathcal{P}_2(u)^2=e^{g}\end{equation*}

and

\begin{equation*}\mathcal{P}_1(u)^2+2\alpha \mathcal{P}_1(u)\mathcal{P}_2(u)+\mathcal{P}_2(u)^2=e^{g},\end{equation*}

where $\alpha^2\in \mathbb{C}\setminus\{0,1\}$, g(z) is a polynomial, $a_j,b_j,c_j(j=1,2)$ are constants in $\mathbb{C}$, and

\begin{equation*}\mathcal{P}_1(u)=a_1 u+b_1 u_{z_1}+c_1u_{z_2}\quad \text{and} \quad \mathcal {P}_2(u)=a_2 u+b_2u_{z_1}+c_2u_{z_2}.\end{equation*}

The description of the existence conditions and the forms of the solutions for the above partial differential equations demonstrate that our results improve and generalise the previous results given by Saleeby, Cao and Xu. Moreover, some of our examples corresponding to every case in our theorems reveal the significant difference in the order of solutions for equations from a single variable to several variables.

Let ${\mathscr {G}} $ be a special parahoric group scheme of twisted type over the ring of formal power series over $\mathbb {C}$, excluding the absolutely special case of $A^{(2)}_{2\ell }$. Using the methods and results of Zhu, we prove a duality theorem for general ${\mathscr {G}} $: there is a duality between the level one twisted affine Demazure modules and the function rings of certain torus fixed point subschemes in affine Schubert varieties for ${\mathscr {G}} $. Along the way, we also establish the duality theorem for $E_6$. As a consequence, we determine the smooth locus of any affine Schubert variety in the affine Grassmannian of ${\mathscr {G}} $. In particular, this confirms a conjecture of Haines and Richarz.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with an increased risk of CVD, type 2 diabetes and death from all causes. Dietary factors correlate with MetS, making diet a potential target for intervention. We used data from the 2012–2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, n 12 122) to identify a dietary pattern (DP) using thirty-nine predefined food groups as predictors. MetS components were used as the response variable with the food groups in reduced rank regression followed by stepwise linear regression analyses. We then verified the Korean status of the DP externally in the Cardiovascular Disease Association Study (CAVAS) (n 8277) and the Health EXAminees (HEXA) study (n 48 610). The DP score, which included twenty food groups, showed significant positive associations with all MetS components and a higher prevalence ratio in KNHANES participants (P < 0·0001). Although the score was NS in CAVAS (P = 0·0913), it showed a strong positive association with MetS prevalence in HEXA (P < 0·0001). We identified and tested a DP associated with MetS in Korean populations. This DP may be a useful tool for assessing MetS risk. Although the score was linked to higher MetS risk, particularly in the predominantly urban population of the HEXA study, further validation in more diverse populations is needed.

This article considers a general class of varying coefficient models defined by a set of moment equalities and/or inequalities, where unknown functional parameters are not necessarily point-identified. We propose an inferential procedure for a subvector of the varying parameters and establish the asymptotic validity of the resulting confidence sets uniformly over a broad family of data-generating processes. We also propose a practical specification test for a set of necessary conditions of our model. Monte Carlo studies show that the proposed methods have good finite sample properties. We apply our method to estimate the return to education in China using its 1%-population census data from 2005.

This study from the Luoxiao Mountains, southeastern China, combines historical information with paleoecological data from two wetlands, yielding a detailed reconstruction of landscape changes over recent centuries. The historical record suggests that people first settled in the region in the late Tang dynasty (618 to 907 CE), and wetland sediments show an increase in charcoal from about this time. During the Qing dynasty in the mid-seventeenth century, a temple complex and a Tea and Salt trade road were constructed near the study sites. Greater impacts are recorded in the wetland closer to the temple site. In the last few hundred years, pollen data show a regional decline of forest cover and the expansion of open vegetation as nearby lowland areas were settled and cleared for agriculture. Proxies for erosion show human impacts in the vicinity of the wetlands. Changes in charcoal inputs reflect regional fire activity, with elevated values around 1500 CE, low values during the Qing dynasty, and a subsequent peak during the twentieth century.

The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is economically one of the most threatening pests in tomato cultivation, which not only causes direct damage but also transmits many viruses. Breeding whitefly-resistant tomato varieties is a promising and environmentally friendly method to control whitefly populations in the field. Accumulating evidence from tomato and other model systems demonstrates that flavonoids contribute to plant resistance to herbivorous insects. Previously, we found that high flavonoid-producing tomato line deterred whitefly oviposition and settling behaviours, and was more resistant to whiteflies compared to the near-isogenic low flavonoid-producing tomato line. The objective of the current work is to describe in detail different aspects of the interaction between the whitefly and two tomato lines, including biochemical processes involved. Electrical penetration graph recordings showed that high flavonoid-producing tomato reduced whitefly probing and phloem-feeding efficiency. We also studied constitutive and induced plant defence responses and found that whitefly induced stronger reactive oxygen species accumulation through NADPH oxidase in high flavonoid-producing tomato than in low flavonoid-producing tomato. Moreover, whitefly feeding induced the expression of callose synthase genes and resulted in callose deposition in the sieve elements in high flavonoid-producing tomato but not in low flavonoid-producing tomato. As a consequence, whitefly feeding on high flavonoid-producing tomato significantly decreased uptake of phloem and reduced its performance when compared to low flavonoid-producing tomato. These results indicate that high flavonoid-producing tomato provides phloem-based resistance against whitefly infestation and that the breeding of such resistance in new varieties could enhance whitefly management.

Noise source identification has been a long-standing challenge for decades. Although it is known that sound sources are closely related to flow structures, the underlying physical mechanisms remain controversial. This study develops a sound source identification method based on longitudinal and transverse process decomposition (LTD). Large-eddy simulations were performed on the flow around a cylinder at a Reynolds number of 3900. Using the new LTD method, sound sources in the cylinder flow were identified, and the mechanisms linking flow structures with noise generation were discussed in detail. Identifying the physical sound sources from two levels, low-order theory and high-order theory, the physical mechanism of wall sound sources was also analysed. Results indicate that the sound sources in the flow field mainly come from the leading edge, shear layer and wake region of the cylinder. The high-order theory reveals that sound sources are correlated with the spatio-temporal evolution of enstrophy, vortex stretching and surface deformation processes, this reflecting the coupling between transversal and longitudinal flow fields. The boundary thermodynamic flux and boundary dilatation flux distribution of the cylinder were analysed. Results indicate that the wall sound sources mainly come from the separation point and have a disorderly distribution on the leeward side of the cylinder, which is the main region where longitudinal variables enter the fluid from the wall surface, and the wall sound source is related to the boundary enstrophy flux.

Focusing on the metropolitan cities of Seoul, Korea and London, England, this paper seeks to provide a better understanding of the role of cities and local social policy in addressing responses to and impacts of the pandemic, as well as in governing a place-based approach to pandemic recovery, human security, and inclusive and sustainable growth. It draws on a critical human security perspective and the application of a multi-scalar governance and territorial matrix for local social policy and social infrastructure to highlight the complex and multisectoral social and public policy challenges facing both Seoul and London in the aftermath of the pandemic as well as the overlapping, intersectional, and multi-layered insecurities, how they have evolved and strategies to address them. The study draws on secondary data sources, workshops, and qualitative interviews with key city stakeholders in both cities conducted between February 2022 and July 2023.

We present an experimental study on the effects of polymer additives on the turbulent/non-turbulent interface (TNTI) in a fully developed round water jet. The Reynolds number based on the jet diameter is fixed at $Re=7075$. The Weissenberg number $Wi$ ranges from 24 to 86. We employ time-resolved simultaneous particle image velocimetry and laser-induced fluorescence measurements to investigate the local entrainment and engulfment process along the TNTI in two regimes: entrainment transition and enhancement regimes. In polymer-laden jets, the TNTI fluctuates more intermittently in the radial direction and more ambient fluid can be engulfed into the turbulent region due to the augmented large scale motion. Though the contribution of engulfment to the total flux increases with $Wi$, engulfment is still not the major contribution to the entrainment in polymer-laden jets. We further show that the local entrainment velocity is increased in both regimes compared with the pure water jet, due to two contributions: polymer elastic stress and the more intermittent character of the TNTI. In the entrainment transition regime, we observe smaller fractal dimension and shorter length of TNTI compared with the Newtonian case, consistent with previous numerical simulations (Abreu et al. J. Fluid Mech. vol. 934, 2022, A36); whereas those in the enhancement regime remain largely unchanged. The difference between the two regimes results from the fact that the jet flow decays in the streamwise direction. In the entrainment transition regime, turbulence intensity is strong enough to significantly stretch the polymers, resulting in a smoother TNTI in the inertial range. However, in the entrainment enhancement regime, the polymer’s feedback is not strong enough to alter the fractal dimension due to the low elasticity. The above mentioned differences of entrainment velocity and TNTI in the entrainment reduction/transition and enhancement regimes also explain the reduced and enhanced spreading rate of the viscoelastic jet observed in previous numerical simulations and experiments (Guimarães et al. J. Fluid Mech. 2020,vol. 899, A11; Peng et al. Phys. Fluids, 2023, vol. 35, 045110).

Glyphodes pyloalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is a destructive monophagous pest of mulberry, Morus Linnaeus (Moraceae), trees. In order to identify mulberry cultivars resistant to G. pyloalis, 12 cultivars were examined using field and in vitro testing. Field observations indicated that cultivars AlbapC, BombyL, LaeviT, and CathaB had less than 10.0% damage, with no observed damage on the CathaB cultivar. The life table parameters showed that CathaB cultivar had the longest larval and pupal duration (23.2 days in total), the shortest adult period (5.3 days), the lowest rates of both pupation (55.0%) and adult emergence (69.7%), the highest adult mortality (61.7%), the lowest average weight of pupae (30.4 mg), and the lowest daily oviposition (5.0 eggs/female/day). The larval performance of G. pyloalis in the field revealed that CathaB had the lowest larval density. Correlation analyses confirmed that significant correlations exist between all the performance parameters of G. pyloalis for both the observed damage and larval performance. Leaf characterisation of selected cultivars indicated CathaB had significantly higher values of leaf wax, trichome density, soluble glucose, and protein contents compared to MultiQ. This study would be a valuable reference for evaluating pest-resistant cultivars and establishing a theoretical foundation for managing G. pyloalis.

The World Cancer Research Fund and the American Institute for Cancer Research recommend a plant-based diet to cancer survivors, which may reduce chronic inflammation and excess adiposity associated with worse survival. We investigated associations of plant-based dietary patterns with inflammation biomarkers and body composition in the Pathways Study, in which 3659 women with breast cancer provided validated food frequency questionnaires approximately 2 months after diagnosis. We derived three plant-based diet indices: overall plant-based diet index (PDI), healthful plant-based diet index (hPDI) and unhealthful plant-based diet index (uPDI). We assayed circulating inflammation biomarkers related to systemic inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hsCRP]), pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13). We estimated areas (cm2) of muscle and visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue (VAT and SAT) from computed tomography scans. Using multivariable linear regression, we calculated the differences in inflammation biomarkers and body composition for each index. Per 10-point increase for each index: hsCRP was significantly lower by 6·9 % (95 % CI 1·6%, 11·8%) for PDI and 9·0 % (95 % CI 4·9%, 12·8%) for hPDI but significantly higher by 5·4 % (95 % CI 0·5%, 10·5%) for uPDI, and VAT was significantly lower by 7·8 cm2 (95 % CI 2·0 cm2, 13·6 cm2) for PDI and 8·6 cm2 (95 % CI 4·1 cm2, 13·2 cm2) for hPDI but significantly higher by 6·2 cm2 (95 % CI 1·3 cm2, 11·1 cm2) for uPDI. No significant associations were observed for other inflammation biomarkers, muscle, or SAT. A plant-based diet, especially a healthful plant-based diet, may be associated with reduced inflammation and visceral adiposity among breast cancer survivors.

With the widespread use of high-fat diets (HFD) in aquaculture, the adverse effects of HFD on farmed fish are becoming increasingly apparent. Creatine has shown potential as a green feed additive in farmed fish; however, the potential of dietary creatine to attenuate adverse effects caused by high-fat diets remains poorly understood. To address such gaps, this study was conducted to investigate the mitigating effect of dietary creatine on HFD-induced disturbance on growth performance, hepatic lipid metabolism, intestinal health and muscle quality of juvenile largemouth bass. Three diets were formulated: a control diet (10·20 % lipid), a high-fat diet (HFD, 18·31 % lipid) and HFD with 2 % creatine (HFD + creatine). Juvenile largemouth bass (3·73 (sem 0·01) g) were randomly assigned to three diets for 10 weeks. The key findings were as follows: (1) the expression of muscle growth-related genes and proteins was stimulated by dietary creatine, which contributes to ameliorate the adverse effects of HFD on growth performance; (2) dietary creatine alleviates HFD-induced adverse effects on intestinal health by improving intestinal health, which also enhances feed utilisation efficiency; (3) dietary creatine causes excessive lipid deposition, mainly via lipolysis and β-oxidation. Notably, this study also reveals a previously undisclosed effect of creatine supplementation on improving muscle quality. Together, for the first time from a comprehensive multiorgan or tissue perspective, our study provides a feasible approach for developing appropriate nutritional strategies to alleviate the adverse effects of HFD on farmed fish, based on creatine supplementation.