An Introduction to Australian Public Policy Theory and Practice

It would be comforting to think that policy is made by wise and omniscient ministers, advised by well-informed staff responding to commonly understood social problems. From the lofty heights of parliament, ministers would maintain a comprehensive overview of their portfolio, ever alert and responsive to problems as they arise, while developing equitable and efficient policy solutions for the good of all of society. The reality, of course, is somewhat different. Like all areas of policy work, determining which issues should receive government attention is fraught, competitive and often highly conflictual.

How and why issues become policy problems is another complex area of policy studies. One way in which this process is understood is closely aligned with the understanding of policy work as authoritative choice. In this view the transition from problem to policy occurs during the stage in the policy process known as issue identification or agenda setting. A different way of understanding how issues become problems worthy of a policy response sees policy development as a process of social construction. This view acknowledges that politicians and policy workers bring their own values to the policy process, which influences their views about what is valid and relevant and what should command the attention of governments. Policy work in this sense is understood as being concerned with the construction of meaning and on the regimes or technologies of governing (or governmentalities) that underlie the process of problem construction and representation in the policy domain (Bacchi 2009; Colebatch 2006a: 8–9).